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center portion

  • 1 center portion

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > center portion

  • 2 center portion

    <tech.gen> ■ Mittelteil m

    English-german technical dictionary > center portion

  • 3 Tournedos

      center portion of beef filet, usually grilled or sautéed.

    Alimentation Glossaire français-anglais > Tournedos

  • 4 средняя часть

    1) Naval: mid-span
    3) Chemistry: mid-range
    4) Railway term: centre piece, waist
    5) Automobile industry: center, centre
    7) Astronautics: center body section
    8) Sakhalin energy glossary: core (платформы)
    9) Automation: midportion (напр. детали), midsection (напр. детали)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > средняя часть

  • 5 Mittelteil

    m <tech.allg> (z.B. einer Maschine, eines Waggons) ■ center portion
    n < rls> ■ fabric bellows

    German-english technical dictionary > Mittelteil

  • 6 cartridge

    <tech.gen> ■ Hülse f
    <tech.gen> (usu. a cylindrical object for insertion into sth.; e.g. filter) ■ Patrone f
    <av> ■ Endloscassette f ; Endlosbandcassette f ; Cartridge n
    < edp> ■ Kassette f
    < mil> (ammunition) ■ Patrone f
    < pack> (tubular package; e.g. for MP grease) ■ Kartusche f

    English-german technical dictionary > cartridge

  • 7 cartridge assembly

    English-german technical dictionary > cartridge assembly

  • 8 часть


    part
    (деталь или неразъемный узел)
    один, две или несколько элементов, соединенных вместе, и обычно не подлежащие разборке, которая может привести к нарушению функционального назначения части. — one piece, or two or more pieces joined together which are not normally subject to disassembly without destruction of designed use.
    - (составляющая доля) — part
    смесь состоит из одной части воды и одной части бензола. — mixture contains one part of water and one part of benzol.
    - (зона, участок конструкции или детали) — portion
    данная часть крыла заключена между фюзеляжем и внутренним двигателем. — this portion of the wing is between the fuselage and the inboard engine.
    - (узел крыла или фюзеляжа, представляющий собой единую конструктивно-технологическую единицу) — section
    - агрегата (блока, сборки) — sub-assembly
    - аэродинамической трубы, рабочая — wind-tunnel test section
    -, весовая (вес. ч.) — part by weight
    -, горячая (двиг.) — "hotп", portion, "hot end" overheating of the "hot end" of the engine.
    - двигателя, входная (передняя) входная часть двигателя состоит из входного воздухозаборного контура и наружного корпуса. — engine nose section the engine nose section consists of an inner duct (engine air inlet) and outer cowl surrounding the duct.
    - двигателя, нижняя датчик тахометра смонтирован в нижней части двигателя. — engine bottom the tachometer generator is mounted on/at/the bottom of the engine.
    - двигателя, проточная (газовоздушный тракт) — engine gas flow duct
    -, забустерная (системы управления) — actuating /actuator/ portion of system)
    -, запасная — spare part
    -, измерительная (напр., расходомера, топливомера) — metering portion
    - компрессора, проточная — compressor airflow duct
    - конструкции, несиловая — secondary structural member
    - конструкции, силовая — primary structural member
    - контакта (шр), срезанная (для подпайки провода) (рис. 74) — bevelled end (of connector terminal)
    - коридора, головная (для посадки /высадки пассажиров в аэропорту) — passenger boarding bridge head
    -, корневая (крыла) — root portion
    - крыла, кессоная — wind torsion box
    - крыла, консольная (кчк, при наличии очк) — inner wing
    - крыла, неподвижная (нчк, у крыла изменяемой геометрии) — fixed wing (section)
    - крыла, носовая (носок крыла) (рис.1) — wing leading edge section
    - крыла, отъемная (очк) (рис. 1, 8) — outer wing (panel)
    - крыла, поворотная (пчк) — pivoting wing (section)
    - крыла, подвижная (поворотная) — movable /moving, pivoting/ wing
    - крыла, подвижная (предкрылок, закрылок, спойлер) — wing extendable device
    - крыла, средняя (счк) (рис. 8) — inner wing
    - крыла, центральная (цчк) — wing center section
    - кулачка, цилиндрическая (не воздействующая на сопряженную деталь) — cam dwell
    - купола парашюта, верхняя — parachute canopy crown

    the upper portion of canopy.
    - купола парашюта, нижняя (юбка) — parachute саперу skirt the lower portion of the canopy.
    - лопасти, комлевая (возд. винта) (рис. 58) — blade shank
    - лопатки, замковая (ротора) — blade root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая "елочного" типа — balde fir-tree root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая типа "ласточкин хвост" — blade dovetail root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая, фиксируемая пальцем и кольцом — blade solid root (with retaining pin and locking ring)
    - лопатки, корневая (замковая) — blade root
    - материальная часть (матчасть) — hardware
    влияние климатических условий на матчасть и техсостав. — effect of climatic conditions on hardware and working personnel.
    - нервюры, средняя — intermediate rib
    межлонжеронная часть нервюры (рис. 10). — intermediate rib is the interspar portion of the rib.
    - опоры, подвижная (поворотный хомут передней опоры шасси) — (lower) steering collar /sleeve/
    -, ответная (шр) — mating half of connector
    -, открытая (штока амортизатора, гидроцилиндра) — exposed portion (of shock strut piston or actuator operating rod)
    -, переходная (конструкции) — transition section
    напр., часть, соединяющая двигатель с удлинительной трубой или трубу с соплом.
    -, поворотная (передн. стойки шасси) — (nose landing gear) steering sleeve
    -, подвижная — moving /movable/ part
    - полета, оставшаяся (до конечного пункта маршрута) — remainder of flight generator is inoperative for remainder of flight.
    -, проточная (воздуха, газа) — (air, gas) flow section
    -, профильная (лопасти, лопатки) — (blade) airfoil portion
    -, рабочая (лопасти) — pressure side
    -, рабочая (прибора, устройства) — working part
    проверять состояние всех подвижных или рабочих частей компаса. — аll movable or working parts of the compass must be inspected for condition.
    - разъема, наземная (наземного оборудования) — connector /coupling/ ground part
    - разъема, самолетная — connector /coupling/ aircraft part
    - самолета, подвижная — aircraft (movable) part
    к подвижным частям самолета относятся: закрылки, возд. тормоза, снайперы и т.д. — flaps, air brakes, spellers, etc. are movable parts of the aircraft structure.
    -, силовая (бустерной системы) — power portion
    силовая часть включает источник питания (напр., гидронасос), краны, трубопроводы и исполнительные механизмы. — the power portion includes power source, such as hydraulic pumps, and such items as valves, lines and actuators.
    - системы — portion of system
    - системы, исполнительная — actuating /actuator/ portion of system
    - снаряжения (неполный состав) — incomplete operational items
    -, составная (агрегата, системы) — component part each component part acts and interacts in accordance with overall design of an arrangement (system).
    деталь, подузел, узел и/или изделие. — either а part, sub-assembly, assembly, assembly and/or unit.
    - управление, забустерная — power-operated output (control) linkage
    - уравнения (правая, левая) — equation (right-hand, lefthand) side
    - фонаря, неподвижная — fixed portion of canopy
    - фонаря, откидная — hinged portion of canopy
    - фонаря, сдвижная — sliding portion of canopy
    - фюзеляжа (рис. 6) — fuselage section
    - фюзеляжа, герметичная — fuselage area within pressure seals, pressurized area of fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, задняя, правая (левая) — aft right (left) fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, негерметичная — unpressurized area of fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, нижняя — fuselage underside /bottom/
    - фюзеляжа, носовая — fuselage nose section
    - фюзеляжа, отклоняемая носовая — fuselage droop nose
    - фюзеляжа, передняя — fuselage nose section
    - фюзеляжа, передняя правая (левая) — right (left) forward fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, средняя — fuselage center section
    - фюзеляжа, хвостовая — fuselage tail section
    - хвостовой балки, переходная (между фюзеляжем и балкой) — tail bottom transition section
    - центрального пульта, задняя (передняя) — aft (forward) center pedestal
    - элемента конструкции — portion of structural element or component)
    - элерона, концевая — outboard portion of aileron
    - элерона, корневая — inboard portion of aileron
    - элерона, носовая — nose /le/ portion of aileron, aileron le section
    в левой (правой, центральной) ч. приборной доски — at left (right, central) portion of instrument panel
    пилотажные приборы командира корабля находятся в левой части приборной доски, второго пилота - в правой, а приборы силовой установки в центральной. — pilot's flight instruments are at the left of the instrument panel, copilot's instruments are at the right, power plant instruments are at the (lower) center.
    в передней (задней) ч. кабины — at fore (rear) end of cabin

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > часть

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 of

    acknowledgement of receipt
    подтверждение приема
    actual time of arrival
    фактическое время прибытия
    aerodrome of call
    аэродром выхода на радиосвязь
    aerodrome of departure
    аэродром вылета
    aerodrome of intended landing
    аэродром предполагаемой посадки
    aerodrome of origin
    аэродром приписки
    aircraft center - of - gravity
    центровка воздушного судна
    airport of departure
    аэропорт вылета
    airport of destination
    аэропорт назначения
    airport of entry
    аэропорт прилета
    allocation of duties
    распределение обязанностей
    allocation of frequencies
    распределение частот
    allotment of frequencies
    выделение частот
    alternative means of communication
    резервные средства связи
    amount of controls
    степень использования
    amount of feedback
    степень обратной связи
    amount of precipitation
    количество осадков
    angle of allowance
    угол упреждения
    angle of approach
    угол захода на посадку
    angle of approach light
    угол набора высоты
    angle of ascent
    угол набора высоты
    angle of attack
    угол атаки
    angle of climb
    угол набора высоты
    angle of coverage
    угол действия
    angle of crab
    угол сноса
    angle of descent
    угол снижения
    angle of deviation
    угол отклонения
    angle of dip
    угол магнитного склонения
    angle of dive
    угол пикирования
    angle of downwash
    угол скоса потока вниз
    angle of elevation
    угол места
    angle of exit
    угол схода
    angle of glide
    угол планирования
    angle of incidence
    угол атаки
    angle of indraft
    угол входа воздушной массы
    angle of lag
    угол отставания
    angle of landing
    посадочный угол
    angle of pitch
    угол тангажа
    angle of roll
    угол крена
    angle - of - sideslip transmitter
    датчик угла скольжения
    angle of sight
    угол прицеливания
    angle of slope
    угол наклона глиссады
    angle of stall
    угол сваливания
    angle of turn
    угол разворота
    angle of upwash
    угол скоса потока вверх
    angle of visibility
    угол обзора
    angle of yaw
    угол рыскания
    antimeridian of Greenwich
    меридиан, противоположный Гринвичскому
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    application of tariffs
    применение тарифов
    approach rate of descent
    скорость снижения при заходе на посадку
    arc of a path
    дуга траектории
    arc of equal bearings
    дуга равных азимутов
    area of coverage
    зона действия
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    area of occurence
    район происшествия
    area of responsibility
    зона ответственности
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    assessment of costs
    установление размеров расходов
    assignment of duties
    распределение обязанностей
    Association of European Airlines
    Ассоциация европейских авиакомпаний
    Association of South Pacific Airlines
    Ассоциация авиакомпаний южной части Тихого океана
    assumption of control message
    прием экипажем диспетчерского указания
    at a speed of
    на скорости
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) aviation-to-aviation type of interference
    помехи от авиационных объектов
    avoidance of collisions
    предотвращение столкновений
    avoidance of hazardous conditions
    предупреждение опасных условий полета
    axial of bank
    продольная ось
    axis of precession
    ось прецессии гироскопа
    axis of roll
    продольная ось
    axis of rotation
    ось вращения
    axis of yaw
    вертикальная ось
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    be out of trim
    быть разбалансированным
    best rate of climb
    наибольшая скороподъемность
    bias out of view
    выходить из поля зрения
    bill of entry
    таможенная декларация
    bill of lading
    грузовая накладная
    blanketing of controls
    затенение рулей
    body of compass card
    диск картушки компаса
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    Bureau of Administration and Services
    Административно-хозяйственное управление
    camber of a profile
    кривизна профиля
    care of passengers
    обслуживание пассажиров
    carriage of passengers
    перевозка пассажиров
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    cause of aircraft trouble
    причина неисправности воздушного судна
    center of air pressure
    центр аэродинамического давления
    center of depression
    центр низкого давления
    center of force
    центр приложения силы
    center of gravity
    центр тяжести
    center of mass
    центр масс
    center of pressure
    центр давления
    Central Agency of Air Service
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    certificate of revaccination
    сертификат ревакцинации
    certificate of safety for flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certificate of vaccination
    сертификат вакцинации
    choice of field
    выбор посадочной площадки
    class of lift
    класс посадки
    clearance of goods
    таможенное разрешение на провоз
    clearance of obstacles
    безопасная высота пролета препятствий
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    coefficient of heat transfer
    коэффициент теплопередачи
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    complex type of aircraft
    комбинированный тип воздушного судна
    composition of a crew
    состав экипажа
    concept of separation
    эшелонирование
    conditions of carriage
    условия перевозок
    cone of rays
    пучок лучей
    congestion of information
    насыщенность информации
    continuity of guidance
    непрерывность наведения
    contour of perceived noise
    контур воспринимаемого шума
    control of an investigation
    контроль за ходом расследования
    correlation of levels
    приведение эшелонов в соответствие
    country of arrival
    страна прилета
    country of origin
    страна вылета
    course of training
    курс подготовки
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    curve of equal bearings
    линия равных азимутов
    danger of collisions
    опасность столкновения
    degree of accuracy
    степень точности
    degree of freedom
    степень свободы
    degree of skill
    уровень квалификации
    degree of stability
    степень устойчивости
    denial of carriage
    отказ в перевозке
    Department of Transportation
    Министерство транспорта
    derivation of operating data
    расчет эксплуатационных параметров
    determination of cause
    установление причины
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    direction of approach
    направление захода на посадку
    direction of rotation
    направление вращения
    direction of turn
    направление разворота
    duration of noise effect
    продолжительность воздействия шума
    elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    elevation setting of light units
    установка углов возвышения глиссадных огней
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) end of runway
    начало ВПП
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    en-route change of level
    изменение эшелона на маршруте
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    estimated position of aircraft
    расчетное положение воздушного судна
    estimated time of arrival
    расчетное время прибытия
    estimated time of departure
    расчетное время вылета
    estimated time of flight
    расчетное время полета
    even use of fuel
    равномерная выработка топлива
    extension of ticket validity
    продление срока годности билета
    extent of damage
    степень повреждения
    facilitate rapid clearance of
    обеспечивать быстрое освобождение
    factor of safety
    уровень безопасности
    filing of statistical data
    представление статистических данных
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    first type of occurence
    первый тип события
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушного движения
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    for reasons of safety
    в целях безопасности
    freedom of action
    свобода действий
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    frequency of operations
    частота полетов
    gathering of information
    сбор информации
    general conditions of carriage
    основные условия перевозки
    General Conference of Weights and Measure
    Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    get out of control
    терять управление
    given conditions of flight
    заданные условия полета
    go out of control
    становиться неуправляемым
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    grade of service
    категория обслуживания
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    grading of runway
    нивелирование ВПП
    height at start of retraction
    высота начала уборки
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    identification of signals
    опознавание сигналов
    inconventional type of aircraft
    нестандартный тип воздушного судна
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    indication of a request
    обозначение запроса
    in interests of safety
    в интересах безопасности
    initial rate of climb
    начальная скороподъемность
    initial stage of go-around
    начальный участок ухода на второй круг
    inlet angle of attack
    угол атаки заборного устройства
    intake angle of attack
    угол атаки воздухозаборника
    integrated system of airspace control
    комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
    interception of civil aircraft
    перехват гражданского воздушного судна
    International Co-ordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Association
    Международный координационный совет ассоциаций авиакосмической промышленности
    International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
    Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
    International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
    International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    interpretation of weather chart
    чтение метеорологической карты
    intersection of air routes
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    keep clear of rotor blades
    остерегаться лопастей несущего винта
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    layout of aerodrome markings
    маркировка аэродрома
    layout of controls
    расположение органов управления
    lessee of an aircraft
    арендатор воздушного судна
    level of airworthiness
    уровень летной годности
    level of safety
    уровень безопасности
    level of speech interference
    уровень помех речевой связи
    limiting range of mass
    предел ограничения массы
    line of flight
    линия полета
    line of position
    линия положения
    line of sight
    линия визирования
    location of distress
    район бедствия
    loss of control
    потеря управления
    loss of pressurization
    разгерметизация
    loss of strength
    потеря прочности
    magnetic orientation of runway
    ориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиану
    margin of error
    допуск на погрешность
    margin of lift
    запас подъемной силы
    margin of safety
    допустимый уровень безопасности
    margin of stability
    запас устойчивости
    marking of pavements
    маркировка покрытия
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    means of communication
    средства связи
    means of identification
    средства опознавания
    meridian of Greenwich
    гринвичский меридиан
    method of steepest descent
    способ резкого снижения
    mode of flight
    режим полета
    moment of inertia
    момент инерции
    moment of momentum
    момент количества движения
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    onset of wind
    резкий порыв ветра
    operation of aircraft
    эксплуатация воздушного судна
    out of ground effect
    вне зоны влияния земли
    out of service
    изъятый из эксплуатации
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    period of rating currency
    период действия квалифицированной отметки
    personal property of passengers
    личные вещи пассажиров
    pilot's field of view
    поле зрения пилота
    plane of rotation
    плоскость вращения
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    point of arrival
    пункт прилета
    point of call
    пункт выхода на связь
    point of departure
    пункт вылета
    point of destination
    пункт назначения
    point of discontinuity
    точка разрыва
    point of intersection
    точка пересечения
    point of loading
    пункт погрузки
    point of no return
    рубеж возврата
    point of origin
    пункт вылета
    point of turn-around
    рубеж разворота
    point of unloading
    пункт выгрузки
    portion of a flight
    отрезок полета
    portion of a runway
    участок ВПП
    prevention of collisions
    предотвращение столкновений
    primary element of structure
    основной элемент конструкции
    prohibition of landing
    запрещение посадки
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    promotion of safety
    обеспечение безопасности полетов
    proof of compliance
    доказательство соответствия
    propagation of sound
    распространение шума
    protection of evidence
    сохранение вещественных доказательств
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    radar transfer of control
    передача радиолокационного диспетчерского управления
    radius of curvature
    радиус кривизны
    range of coverage
    радиус действия
    range of motion
    диапазон отклонения
    range of revolutions
    диапазон оборотов
    range of visibility
    дальность видимости
    range of vision
    дальность обзора
    rate of climb
    скороподъемность
    rate of closure
    скорость сближения
    rate of descent
    скорость снижения
    rate of disagreement
    скорость рассогласования
    rate of duty
    скорость таможенной пошлины
    rate of exchange
    курс обмена валюты
    rate of flaps motion
    скорость отклонения закрылков
    rate of growth
    темп роста
    rate of pitch
    скорость по тангажу
    rate of roll
    скорость крена
    rate of sideslip
    скорость бокового скольжения
    rate of trim
    скорость балансировки
    rate of turn
    скорость разворота
    rate of yaw
    скорость рыскания
    reception of telephony
    прием телефонных сообщений
    record of amendments
    лист учета поправок
    record of revisions
    внесение поправок
    regularity of operations
    регулярность полетов
    relay of messages
    передача сообщений
    release of control
    передача управления
    removal of aircraft
    удаление воздушного судна
    removal of limitations
    отмена ограничений
    replacement of parts
    замена деталей
    representative of a carrier
    представитель перевозчика
    reservation of a seat
    бронирование места
    retirement of aircraft
    списание воздушного судна
    right - of - entry
    преимущественное право входа
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    safe handling of an aircraft
    безопасное управление воздушным судном
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    second type of occurence
    второй тип события
    selection of engine mode
    выбор режима работы двигателя
    sequence of fuel usage
    очередность выработки топлива
    (по группам баков) sequence of operation
    последовательность выполнения операций
    showers of rain and snow
    ливневый дождь со снегом
    simultaneous use of runways
    одновременная эксплуатация нескольких ВПП
    site of occurrence
    место происшествия
    slope of level
    наклон кривой уровня
    (шумов) source of danger
    источник опасности
    Standing Committee of Performance
    Постоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикам
    start of leveloff
    начало выравнивания
    start of takeoff
    начало разбега при взлете
    state of aircraft manufacture
    государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
    state of discharge
    степень разряженности
    (аккумулятора) state of emergency
    аварийное состояние
    state of occurence
    государство места события
    state of transit
    государство транзита
    steadiness of approach
    устойчивость при заходе на посадку
    steady rate of climb
    установившаяся скорость набора высоты
    structure of fronts
    структура атмосферных фронтов
    submission of a flight plan
    представление плана полета
    system of monitoring visual aids
    система контроля за работой визуальных средств
    (на аэродроме) system of units
    система единиц
    (измерения) table of cruising levels
    таблица крейсерских эшелонов
    table of intensity settings
    таблица регулировки интенсивности
    table of limits
    таблица ограничений
    table of tolerance
    таблица допусков
    take out of service
    снимать с эксплуатации
    target level of safety
    заданный уровень безопасности полетов
    temporary loss of control
    временная потеря управляемости
    termination of control
    прекращение диспетчерского обслуживания
    theory of flight
    теория полета
    time of lag
    время запаздывания
    time of origin
    время отправления
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    top of climb
    конечный участок набора высоты
    transfer of control
    передача диспетчерского управления
    transmission of telephony
    передача радиотелефонных сообщений
    transmit on frequency of
    вести передачу на частоте
    triangle of velocities
    треугольник скоростей
    under any kind of engine failure
    при любом отказе двигателя
    uneven use of fuel
    неравномерная выработка топлива
    unit of measurement
    единица измерения
    velocity of sound
    скорость звука
    wall of overpressure
    фронт избыточного давления
    warn of danger
    предупреждать об опасности
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    working language of ICAO
    рабочий язык ИКАО
    zone of intersection
    зона пересечения
    zone of silence
    зона молчания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > of

  • 11 система


    system (sys, syst)
    комплекс элементов, в котором каждый элемент работает или взаимодействует для выполнения общей функции, выполняемой данным комплексом. — any organized arrangement in which each component part acts, reacts, or interacts in accordance with an overall design inherent in the arrangement.
    -, аварийная — emergency system
    дублирующая система, предназначенная для использования в случае отказа основной, — the emergency system is used to take the place of the main system in case of the main system failure.
    -, аварийная гидравлическая (подраздел 029-20 no стандартной системе нумерации tex. документации no гост 18675-73). — auxiliary hydraulic system used to supplement or take the place of the main hydraulic system
    - аварийного освещения (подраздел 33-50) — emergency lighting system (section 33-50. emergency lighting)
    - аварийного останова (двигателя) — emergency shutdown system
    - аварийного открытия замков шасси — emergency landing gear uplock release system
    - аварийного покидания ла — emergency-escape system
    - аварийного покидания ла (разд. 100) — ejection escape
    - аварийного покидания ла, катапультная — ejection-escape system
    - аварийного слива топлива (в полете) (подраздел 028-30) — fuel dump system, fuel jettisoning system dump used to dump fuel overboard during flight.
    - аварийного торможения (азотная) — emergency air (wheel) brake system
    - аварийной и предупредительной сигнализации (сас) — (master) warning and caution system
    - аварийной регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system (fdr)
    - аварийной сигнализации — emergency warning system
    система выдает визуальный или звуковой сигнал для предупреждения экипажа о нарушении нормальной работы или условий. — the system provides visual and aural signals to alert the flight crew to special or urgent circumstances.
    - аварийной сигнализации и блокировки — warning and interlock system
    - аварийной, предупредительной и уведомляющей сигнализации — (master) warning and caution (system)
    - автомата загрузки (управления ла) — feel system
    - автомата сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения (и перегрузок) (ауасп) — angle-of-attack, slip and асceleration indicating/warning system
    - система торможения — anti-skid system
    система не допускает возникновения юза (заторможенных) колес шасси, независимо от воздействия летчика на тормозные педали, давление в тормозах сбрасывается при возникновении юза колеса и подается снова для обеспечения торможения при отсутствии юза. — the function of the system is such that regardless of how much the rudder toe pedals may be depressed, brake pressure will be released when excessive wheel deceleration is sensed, when system is armed, and then re-applied at a power level to provide maximum braking without skidding.
    - автомата тряски штурвала (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick shaker system. with stall warning test switch depressed, the stick shaker (system) should operate.
    - автомата тяги (подраздел 022-30) — auto throttle system (at) auto throttle
    служит для автоматического регулирования тяги (двигателя) при заходе на посадку или уходе на второй круг. — automatically controls the position of the throttles (eпgins power) during landing/approach and go around procedures.
    - автомата усилий (в системе управления ла) — automatic gain control (agc)
    - автомата усилий (загрузки управления ла) — feel system
    -, автоматизированная — automated system
    -, автоматизированная навигационная — automated navigation system (ans)
    - автоматики топлива (управление и сигнализация работы топливной системы) — (automatic) fuel management and indicating system
    -, автоматическая навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning system, dr system
    - автоматического выброса кислородных масок (срабатывающая при падении давления в кабине) — oxygen mask drop out system (operated by cabin low pressure)
    - автоматического выпуска парашюта — automatic parachute deploy-' ment system
    - автоматического захода на посадку — automatic approach system
    - автоматического контроля исправности (саки) — automatic test system
    - автоматического регулирования давления воздуха в гермокабине (сард) — (automatic) cabin (air) pressure control system
    - автоматического регулирования двигателя — automatic compressor control system
    управляет механизацией компрессора: кпв, вна.
    - автоматического регулирования расхода топлива — automatic fuel management system
    - автоматического регулирования усилий (ару, на органах управления, напр., рв) — automatic (elevator) load feel control system
    - автоматического регулирования частоты вращения несущего винта (вертолета) — main rotor speed governor system
    - автоматического торможения — anti-skid control (system)

    anti-skid control system releases the brake pressure when it senses a locked or skidding wheel.
    - автоматического триммирования — auto trim (control) system
    - автоматического уменьшения крена (аук) — bank counteract system
    система включается при отказе одного двигателя (на одном крыле), отклоняя интерцептор (спойлер) на противоположном крыле. — with an engine failed, the opposite wing speller is eхtended to counteract dangerous bank.
    - автоматического управления (комплекс автопилота и системы траекторного управления) — autopilot and flight director control system, ap/fd flight control system. complete ар control with simultaneous flight director commands the pilot саn monitor.
    - автоматического управления запуском (двигателя, сауз) — engine auto start(ing) system
    - автоматического управления заходом на посадку — automatic approach system
    - автоматического управления и регулирования — automatic control(ling) and regulating system
    - автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов — generator autoparalleling system

    the system senses voltages on the generator side of the generator breaker and on the bus.
    - автоматического управления (сау) — auto flight control system, ap/fd flight control system
    - автоматического управления полетом, бортовая (абсу) (раздел 22) — auto flight (control) system (afcs) auto flight
    комплекс агрегатов и элементов, обеспечивающих автематическое управление ла в полете, — those units and components which furnish а means of automatically controlling the flight of the aircraft.
    - автоматического управления посадкой (дублированная, резервная) — (dual) autoland system (dual a/l)
    - автоматического управления самолетом (относительно 3-х осей) — autopilot system (ар)
    (подраздел 022-10, система автопилота) — autopilot
    часть абсу, использующая радиотехнические средства, автоматы курса, гировертикали,a также устройства принудительного ввода команд для автоматического продольного и поперечного управления ла. — that portion of the system that uses radio/radar beam, directional and vertical gyro, pitot static and manually induced inputs to the system to automatically control yaw, pitch and roll of the aircraft.
    - автоматического управления расходом топлива (автомат расхода) — automatic fuel management system
    - автоматического флюгирования воздушного винта — automatic propeller feathering system
    - автоматической загрузки (саз) — automatic feel system (afs)
    - автоматической отдачи ручки (штурвала) (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick (or control wheel) pusher system
    - автоматической регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system, flight recorder system (fdr)
    для записи основных параметров полета при помощи самописцев. — used for recording data not related to specific system. lncludes flight recorders.
    - автоматической посадки — automatic banding /autoland/ system (autoland, a/l)
    - автоматической стабилизации — automatic stabilization system
    - автоматической стабилизации (вертолета) относительно трех осей — three-axis autostabilization system. the helicopter is equipped with a three-axis autostabilization system with the autopilot facilities.
    -, автономная — self-contained system
    доплеровский измеритель путевой скорости и сноса является автономной системой автоматического счисления — doppler navigation system is а self-contained deadreckoning system.
    -, автономная (отдельная) — independent system
    -, автономная масляная — self-contained /independent/ oil system
    каждый двигатель имеет свою автономную масляную систему. — each engine has а self-contained (independent) oil system.
    -, автономная (автоматическая) навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning (dr) system
    - автономного запуска (двигателя) — independent starting system
    бортовая система, обеспечивающая запуск двигателей при отсутствии наземных источников энергопитания, — the apu provides а means for independent starting of the engines with а ground power source unavailable.
    - автопилота — autopilot system
    (подраздел 022-10) — autopilot
    -, активная — active system
    бортовая радиоэлектронная система, включающая передающее оборудование, напр., радиоответчик. — in radio and radar, a system which requires transmitting equipment, such as a beacon or transponder, to be carried in the aircraft.
    - активного демпфирования (сад) — airframe (oscillation) damping system
    автоматическое демпфирование колебаний крыла и фюзеляжа для облегчения условий работы соответствующих конструктивных элементов.
    - активного ответа (сро) — (active) transponder system
    - активного ответа, диспетчерекая — атс transponder system
    взаимодействует е радиола катарами увд.
    -, антенно-фидерная (афс) — antenna-feeder system
    -, астроинерциальная — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
    -, астроинерциальная, малогабаритная (маис) — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
    -, астронавигационная — selestial /stellar/ navigation system
    -, астроориентирная — star-tracker system
    - аэродинамических параметров (центральная) — (central) air-data computer system
    (высота, вертикальная скорость, скорость, температура, число м)
    -, аэронавигационная, радиоэлектронная — avionics navigation system
    - аэродромного (электрического) питания — external electrical power system
    (подраздел 024-40) — external power
    эл. сеть ла, служащая для подвода аэродромного питания к бортовой сети ла. — that portion of the system within the aircraft which connects external electrical power to the aircraft's electrical system.
    - (продольной) балансировки (самолета) — trim system
    -, безбустерная — unassisted control system
    -, бесплатформенная инерциальная навигационная (бинс на лазерных гироскопах) — gimballes inertial navigation system (ins)
    - бесшумной настройки (рад.) — squelch control system
    - бензопитания — fuel supply system
    -, бленкерная — warning flag movement
    механизм перемещения бленкера (директорного) прибора. — то deflect the flag into or out of view.
    - ближней навигации, радиотехническая (рсбн) — short-range radio navigation system
    - боевого сброса бомб — normal bomb release system
    - блокировки — interlock(ing) system
    - блокировки и сигнализации — interlock and warning system
    - бпокировки самолетных систем (по обжатию амортстойки шасси) — ground shift system
    для включения/выключения систем ла при обжатой амортстойке шасси, — the ground shift system activates/deactivates some aircraft systems with gear shock strut compressed.
    - блокировки управления двигателем (no реверсу) — thrust reverser throttle interlock system
    - блокировки управления двигателем (no руд) — engine throttle interlock system
    - ближней навигации по маякам вор — vor navigation system
    - бокового канала (управления ла) — roll (channel) control system
    включает вычислитель, дус, рм (элеронов).
    -, бортовая — airborne system
    любая система, установленная на борту ла. — the airborne computer system gives track guidance.
    -, бортовая (б/c) — aircraft electrical system, (from aircraft)
    питание ламп напряжением 27 в б/с. — lamps are powered by 27 vdc from aircraft.
    -, бустерная (управления) (рис. 20) — power(ed) control system
    -, бустерная гидравлическая — hydraulic power(ed) control system
    -, бустерная необратимая (рис. 20) — power-operated control system the power-operated control system is irreversible boost system.
    -, бустерная обратимая (рис. 20) — power-boost control system the power-boost control system is a reversible boost system.
    - вентиляции — ventilation system
    - вентиляции подкапотного пространства (двиг.) — nacelle ventilation (and cooling) system
    - визуальной индикации глиссады (при заходе на посадку) — visual approach slope indicator system (vasis)
    - включена (работает) — system on
    - включена (готова к работе) — system armed
    - включения готовности (самолетных) систем по обжатию амортстойки — ground shift system
    - вкпючения (готовности) управления поворотом передних колес от педалей рн на земле — rudder pedal steering shift system
    - внесения изменений (в документацию) — revision system
    -, внешняя (подключенная к данной системе) — coupled system
    - внутрисамолетной радиотрансляции — passenger address and entertainment system
    (подраздел 023-30) — passenger address and entertainment
    радиоаппаратура оповещения и развлечения пассажиров, — that portion of the system used to address and entertain the passengers.
    - внутрисамолетной связи при техобслуживании — ground service interphone system
    -, водоканализационная — water/waste system
    (раздел 038) — water/waste
    стационарные устройства и агрегаты для водоснабжения и канализации использованной воды и отбросов, — those fixed units and components which store and deliver for use fresh water, and those fixed components which store and furnish a means for removal of water and waste.
    - водоснабжения и удаления отходов — water/waste system
    - воздухозаборника, противообледенительная — air intake ice protection system, air intake anti-icing system
    (подраздел 030-20) — air intakes
    часть пос для предотвращения или удаления обледенения воздухозаборников двигателей, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice in or around air intakes. includes power plant antiicing.
    -, воздушная (система, использующая воздух, отбираемый от двигателей для питания системы скв, пос, запуска двигателей) — pneumatic power system (pneu pwr sys)
    - воздушная (разд.036) — pneumatic
    - воздушного винта, противообледенительная — propeller ice protection system, propeller anti-icing system
    (подраздел 030-60) — propellers/rotors
    часть пос для предотвращения образования льда и его удаления с возд. винтов, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice on propellers or rotors.
    -, воздушно-тепловая противообледенительная — hot air ice protection system
    - воздушных параметров полета — flight environment data system
    (подраздел 034-10) — flight environment data
    устройства, воспринимающие параметры окружающей среды, для использования в целях навигации. включает системы динамического и статического давлений, измерения температуры наружного воздуха, вертикальной и воздушной скорости, высоты и т.п. — that portion of the system which senses environmental conditions and uses the data to influence navigation. lncludes items such as pitot, static, air temperature, rateof-climb, airspeed, high speed warning, altitude, altitude reporting, altimeter correction system, etc.
    - воздушных сигналов (свс) — air data computer system (adc)
    - воздушных сигналов, цифровая — digital air data computer system (dads)
    - впрыска воды — water injection system
    (раздел 082) — water injection
    система, дозирующая и подающая воду или водную смесь на вход двигателя. — those units and components which furnish, meter and inject water or water mixtures into the induction system.
    - впрыска топлива — fuel injection system
    -, впускная (двигателя) — induction system
    система, состоящая из трубопроводов, коллекторов, карбюраторов, воздухозаборинков и агрегатов, для подачи топливовоздушной смеси в двигатель, — the combined system of piping manifolds, carburetor, air scoops, accessories, etc., which are used to supply the engine with a fuel mixture charge.
    - временных изменений — temporary revision system
    - всережимного предельного регулирования температуры (газов за турбиной, впрт) — all-power exhaust gas temperatore control system
    -, вспомогательная — auxiliary system
    -, вспомогательная гидравлическая (для привода второстепенных вспомогательных агрегатов и систем) — utility hydraulic system
    - встречного запуска (двигателя в воздухе), автоматическая — automatic (engine) air relight /restart/ system
    - встроенного контроля (свк) — built-in test system (bits), integral test system
    - встроенного контроля и предупреждения экипажа, обобщенная — integrated built-in test and crew warning system
    -, входящая (имеющая отношение к...) — related system. airframe and related systems.
    - выпуска парашюта — parachute deployment system
    - выработки топлива (из баков) — (tank) fuel usage system
    - высокого давления, топливная (от насоса-регулятора до форсунок) — high-pressure (hp) fuel system
    -, высотная (вентиляции и герметизации кабин) — air conditioning system
    (раздел 021) — air conditioning
    устройства, обеспечивающие наддув, обогрев, охлаждение и увлажнение воздуха, используемого для вентиляции герметичной кабины ла. — those units and components which furnish а means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling and filtering the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
    - высотная (жизнеобеспечения, создания искусственного климата в кабине ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
    - высотно-скоростных параметров, информационная (см. комплекс) — flight environment data system (feds)
    -, вытяжная парашютная (впс, для извлечения грузовых платформ из грузовой кабины) — extractor parachute system. то withdraw loads from aircraft cargo compartment in flight.
    -, выхлопная — exhaust system
    (раздел 078) — exhaust
    для отвода выходящих газов двигателя в атмосферу, — those units and components which direct the engine exhaust gases overboard.
    - вычисления отношения давлений двигателя — engine pressure ratio computer system
    служит для определения режима (тяги) двигателя, — the system is used to determine engine rating for all modes of operation.
    - географических координат — geographic(al) coordinate system
    - геодезических координат — geodetic coordinate system
    - герметизации (кабин) — pressurization system
    - герметизации (уплотнения дверей, люков) — (door) sealing (system)
    - герметизации, обогрева и вентиляции (кабин ла) — air conditioning system
    -, гидравлическая (включающая источники и потребители) — hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая (включающая источники и регуляторы давления) — hydraulic power system
    (раздел 029) — hydraulic power
    агрегаты (насосы, регуляторы, краны), обеспечивающие подачу рабочей жидкости под давлением к общей точке (коллектору) для распределения по др. системам, — units and components (pumps, regulators, lines, valves) which furnish hydraulic fluid under pressure to а common point (manifold) for redistribution to other systems.
    - nо. 1, гидравлическая (надпись) — no. 1 hyd sys(t)
    -, гидравлическая аварийная — emergency hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая аварийная (вспомогательная, дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая вспомогательная (дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая вспомогательная (для привода вспомогательных агрегатов, систем) — utility hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая дублирующая (авар., вспомогат., резервн.) — auxiliary hydraulic system
    -, гидравлическая, общая — main hydraulic system
    -, гироинерциальная (с гироплатформой и акселерометрами) — inertial navigation system (ins)
    -, гироинерциальная, малогабаритная (мис) — inertial navigation system (ins)
    -, гироинерциальная с дублированием курса и вертикали — inertial navigation system with attitude and heading reference
    -, гироскопическая — gyro system
    - громкоговорящего оповещения — passenger address system
    - дальней навигации — long-range navigation system
    - дальней навигации, радиотехническая (омега) — omega navigation system, omega automatic computerized earth-oriented navigation system
    -, дапьномерная (дме) — distance measuring system (dme)
    - двигателя, противообледенительная — engine anti-icing system
    - двигателя, противопожарная — engine fire extinguishing system
    - двигателя, топливная — engine fuel system
    система, включающая агрегаты и трубопроводы за пожарным (перекрывным) краном. — the system consists of those components downstream of the fuel fire shut-off valve.
    - двойного зажигания — dual ignition system

    an ignition system utilizing two separate and duplicate systems.
    -, двухотказная (сохраняющая работоспособность при одиночном отказе) — fail-operative system
    -, двухочередная противопожарная — two discharge /"two-shot"/ fire extinguishing system
    -, динамическая (манометра) — pressure system
    -, динамическая (приемников возд. давлений, пвд) — pitot (pressure) system
    -, динамическая (пвд), аварийная — auxiliary pitot system (aux pitot)
    -, динамическая (пвд), основная — main pitot system
    - динамического давления рабочего, основного (переключатепь) — normal pitot pressure system (norm pitot)
    -, динамического давления, резервного (переключатель) — auxiliary pitot pressure system (aux pitot)
    -, директорная — flight director (fd) system
    является пилотажно-навигационной системой, обеспечивающей летчиков визуальной индикацией положения самолета в пространстве и курсовой информацией для полета по заданной траектории. — fd system is a navigation aid to assist pilots by presenting visually accurate aircraft attitude and heading information to follow the preselected flight path.
    - директорного управления (сду) — flight director (system), (fd)
    - директорных пилотажных приборов — flight director (system)
    система включает пилотажный командный прибор, плановый навигационный прибор, вычислительное устройство, блок сравнения, гировертикаль. — flight director (system) incorporates flight director indicator, course indicator, computer, comparator system, vertical reference gyro unit.
    - дистанционного управления — remote control system
    - для опрыскивания — spraying system
    -, доплеровская — doppler system
    - доплеровская, навигационная — doppler (navigation) system
    система, использующая эффект доплера для получения навигационной информации. — in radar, any system utilizing the doppler effect for obtaining information.
    - доплеровского измерителя (дисс) — doppler navigation /computer/ system (dop)
    система использует зависимость частоты отраженного сигнала от скорости источника излучения (эффект доплеpa) и позволяет определить путевую скорость и угол сноса (рис. 82). — the system provides outputs of velocity along and across heading to а navigation сошputer. ground speed and drift information is computed and displayed.
    - дренажа (слива) — drain(age) system
    - дренажа (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
    - дренажа (слива) топлива — fuel drain system
    - дренажа (слива) топливных коллекторов — fuel manifold drain system
    -, дренажная (слива) — drainage system
    -, дренажная (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
    -, дренажная (двигателя) — engine drainage system
    дренажные устройства двигателя должны располагаться таким образом, чтобы отводимые жидкости (топливо, масло) не создавали опасности возникновения пожара. — the drainage means must be arranged so that no discharged fluid will cause a fire hazard.
    -, дублирующая — alternate system
    общий термин, подразумевающий как вторую равноценную систему, так и систему, способную выполнять ограниченные функции в случае отказа основной. — each alternate system may be а duplicate power portion or а manually operated mechanical system.
    -, дублирующая (вторая равноценная система, напр., пилотажных приборов) — duplicate /duplicating/ system
    система включает пилотажные приборы на рабочем месте летчика и аналогичные приборы на рабочих местах др. членов экипажа, — duplicate instrument system incorporates flight instruments for the pilot, and the same instruments duplicated at other flight crew stations.
    -, дублирующая аварийная — duplicating emergency system
    -, дублирующая (аварийная) гидравлическая — auxiliary hydraulic system
    - единиц — system of units
    - единиц сгс (сантиметр, грамм, секунда) — cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system of units
    система единиц для механич., электрических, магнитных и акустических величин. основн. единицы: сантиметр (ед. длины), грамм (ед. массы) и секунда (ед. времени). — а metric measuring system, sometimes known as the absolute system of measurement where cgs (centimetergram-second) are respectivelу the length units, the weight units, and the time units.
    - (управления), жесткая (при помощи тяг) — push-pull (rod) control system
    - жизнеобеспечения (искуственного климата в кабинах ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
    - забора воздуха — air induction system
    система забора воздуха должна обеспечивать потребное количество воздуха, подаваемого в двигатель на всех режимах работы. — the air induction system for each engine must supply air required by that engine under each operating condition.
    - загрузки (а системе управления) — (artificial) feel system
    - зажигания — ignition system
    (раздел 074) — ignition
    система, обеспечивающая зажигание топлива или рабочей смеси в камерах сгорания поршневых или газотурбинных двигателей, а также в форсажных камерах гтд. — those units and components which generate, control, furnish, or distribute an electriсаl current to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders of reciprocating engines or in the combustion chambers or thrust augmentors of turbine engines.
    - зажигания продолжительногo режима работы — continuous ignition system
    работает в полете для предотвращения срыва пламени в камерах сгорания при неблагоприятных условиях. — used in flight to prevent flameout during adverse ambient conditions.
    - зажигания, пусковая (или повторно-кратковременного режима работы) — starting (or intermittent) ignition system

    used in all engine starts, including air relighting.
    - зажигания, экранированная — shielded ignition system
    система, элементы которой заключены в металлические оболочки-экраны для уменьшения радиопомех, создаваемых при работе системы. — complete enclosure of all parts, of the ignition system (spark plugs, wires, magnetos, etc.) in suitable interconnected and grounded metal housings to minimize radio interference.
    - заливки (заливочная) — priming system
    устройство для впрыска легкого топлива в цилиндры или патрубки пд для облегчения его запуска. — prior to starting the engine make several strokes of the priming pump plunger to prime the engine.
    -, замкнутая — closed (circuit) system
    в производственный вес nycтого самолета включается только вес жидкостей, содержащихся в замкнутых системах. — the manufacturerss emply weight includes only those fluids contained in closed systems.
    -, замкнутая масляная — closed (circuit) oil system
    - записи — recording system
    - заправки топливом — fueling /refueling/ system
    - заправки топливом под давлением — pressure fueling system
    - заправки топливом, централизованная (под давлением) — single point pressure fueling system
    автоматическая и одновременная заправка всех топливных баков осуществляется посредством системы централизованной заправки. — automatic and simultaneous pressure fueling of all fuel tanks is accomplished by the single point pressure fueling system.
    - запуска — starting system
    (раздел 080) — starting
    совокупность деталей и агрегатов силовой установки, служащих для запуска двигателя. — those units, components and associated systems used for starting the engine. includes electrical, inertia, air or other starter systems.
    - запуска, воздушная — air /pneumatic/ starting system
    - запуска двигателя — engine starting system
    - запуска двигателя в воздухе — engine flight restart system
    - захода на посадку, автоматическая — automatic approach system
    - защиты — protection system
    - защиты воздухозаборника от (попадания) посторонних предметов — air intake debris protection system
    - защиты воздухозаборников (двиг.), струйная — engine air intake blowaway jet system
    - защиты лобовых стекол от запотевания — windshield demisting /defogging/system
    - защиты от обледенения и атмосферных осадков — ice and rain protection system
    (раздел 030) — ice and rain protection
    система для предотвращения образования или удаления льда и удаления атмосферных осадков с различных частей ла. — those units and components which provide а means of preventing or disposing of formation of ice and rain on various parts of the aircraft.
    - защиты от опасных (завыщенных оборотов) — overspeed protection system
    - защиты стекол от запотевания — window demisting /defogging/ system
    - защиты турбины (несущего) винта от раскрутки (сзтв) — main rotor overspeed protection system
    - звуковой информации о высоте полета (автоматическая) — (automatic) altitude reporting system
    - избирательного вызова (на связь) — selective call(ing) system
    - (внесения) изменений (в документацию) — revision system
    - измерения (количества) масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system (oil qty)
    - измерения массы и центровки (симц) — on-board weight /mass/ and balance system
    для определения массы (в кг) и положения центра тяжести (в % сах) при нахождении ла на земле. — the system measures the aircraft gross weight (in kg) and computes cg (in % mac) when the aircraft is on the ground.
    - измерения расхода топлива (ситр) — fuel flowmeter system
    при наличии системы измерения расхода топлива, у каждого летчика должен быть предусмотрен канал перепуска. — if а fuel flowmeter system is installed, each metering component must have a means for bypassing the fuel supply.
    - измерения расхода топлива (и суммарного запаса топлива) — fuel flow and quantity indicating system
    - измерения температуры (выходящих) газов за турбиной (дв.) — exhaust /turbine/ gas temperature indicating /measuring/ system (egt ind, tgt ind)

    egt is measured by thermocouples.
    - измерения углов атаки и перегрузок (автомат ауасп) — angle of attack and acceleration indicating/warning system
    - измерения уровня масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system
    - измерения частоты вращения — tachometer system
    - имитации автоматического управления (исау) — auto flight control simulation system
    - имитации видимости (сив) — visibility simulation system
    шторка различной прозрачности для имитации метеоминимумов.
    - имитации визуальной индикации — visual display simulation system
    - имитации усилий (на органах управления) — (artificial) feel system
    - индикации — indication /indicating/ system
    - индикации давления масла (топлива) — oil (fuel) pressure indication system
    включает датчики и указатель давления. — includes pressure transmitters and indicators.
    - индикации (оборотов) — (rpm) indicating system
    - индикации и контроля пространственного положения ла — attitude indicating and monitoring system
    - индикации температуры масла — oil temperature indication system
    - индикации угла атаки — angle-of-attack (indicating) system
    - инертной среды — inert gas system
    -, инерциальная навигационная — inertial navigation system (ins)
    автономная навигационная система, не связанная с наземными навигационными станциями и радиолокационными системами самолета. система воспринимает и измеряет ускорения действующие на ла. служит для выдачи сигналов места ла, путевой скорости, курса (азимута) и вертикали. — ins provides navigation on self-contained basis, i.e. it do not require any ground based aids, nor relays on radio and/or radar observation from the aircraft. the fundamental principle involved is ability of the system to sense and measure aircraft acceleration.
    - инструментальной посадки (илс/сп) — instrument landing system (ils/cp)
    - (речевой) информации (cообщений и команд) — voice warning system
    - информации о безопасности полета — aviation safety reporting system (asrs)
    определяет фактическую или потенциальную опасную ситуацию. — identifies real or potential hazards.
    - (речевой) информации об отказах и неисправностях (магнитофонная сист.) — voice warning system, malfunction reporting system
    - искусственного климата (в кабине ла) (система гepметизации, отопления, вентиляции) — environmental control system (ecs)
    -, исполнительная — actuating /servo/ system
    механическая система, вырабатывающая энергию для привода др. механизмов или систем. — а mechanical system that supplies and transmits energy for operation of other mechanisms or systems.
    - кабинной индикации и сигнализации — cockpit display/warning system
    -, канализационная — waste (disposal) system
    (подраздел 038-30) — waste disposal
    система отвода и сброс использованной воды и отбросов. включает умывальники, туалеты (унитазы), систему промывки и смыва и т.п. — the system used for disposal of water and waste. includes wash basins, water closets, flushing system, etc.
    -, каскадная (гтд) — rotor spool
    спарка компрессора и турбины. — compressor and turbine assembly.
    -, кислородная — oxygen system
    (раздел 035) — oxygen
    система, обеспечивающая хранение, регулирование и подачу кислорода пассажирам и членам экипажа. — those units and components which store, regulate, and deliver oxygen to the passengers and crew.
    - кислородной подпитки двигателя — engine oxygen supply system
    - кольцевания (топливных баков, в магистрали за подкачивающими насосами) — fuel cross-feed system (х-feed)
    - коммутации — switching system
    -, комплексная — integrated system
    -, комплексная навигационная (состоящая из инерциальной, доплеровской и радиолокационной систем) — integral inertial radar navigation system
    - коммутации и автоматического регулирования громкости — audio integrating system, audio system
    оборудование для регулирования уровня звука и подключения выхода связных и навигационных приемников на наушники и громкоговорители членов экипажа, а также выхода их микрофонов на связные передатчики. — controls the communications and navigation receivers into the flight crew headphones and speakers, and the output of the flight crew microphones into communications transmitters. includes audio selector control panels.
    -, комплексная навигационная (навигационный комплекс) — integrated navigation system (intg nav)
    - комплексная пилотажная (пилотажный комплекс) — integrated flight system (intg flt sys)
    состоит из двух комплектов систем директорного управления, включающих кпп, пhп, эвм, приборный усилитель. — the integrated flight system incorporates two independent flight director systems each consisting of fdi, hsi, steering computer and instrument amplifier.
    - комплексной индикации — multi-function display system (mfds)
    - кондиционирования воздуха (скв) — air conditioning system (air cond)
    (раздел 021) — air conditioning
    система, обеспечивающая наддув, обогрев, охлаждение, регулирование влажности и очистку воздуха для вентиляции помещений и отсеков ла, находящихся в пределах герметической кабины. — those units and components which furnish a means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling, filtering and treating the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
    - контроля (автоматического управления заходом на посадку) — monitoring system
    (подраздел 022-40) — system monitor
    часть системы автоматического управления, с помощью которой осуществляется контроль режима полета ла при заходе на посадку и при посадке. — that portion of the (auto flight) system that monitors the flight of the aircraft during approach and landing.
    - контроля вибрации (двиг.), бортовая — airborne vibration monitor /indicating/ (avm) system
    - контроля, встроенная (вск) — built-in test system (bit)
    - контроля и индикации работы двигателя — engine monitoring and alert/warning system
    - контроля и индикации, централизованная — master monitor display system (mmd)
    - контроля мощности двигателя (подраздел 077-10) — power
    - контроля расхода топлива (расходомеры и средства индикации и сигнализации) — fuel flowmeter and indicating system
    - контроля состояния систем и предупреждающей сигнализации, многофункциональная (комплексная) — multi-function display system/flight warning system (mfds/fws)
    - контроля температуры двигателя (подраздел 77-20) — temperature
    - координат — coordinate system /frame/, coordinates, axes, system of coordinates, system of coordinates axes
    система взаимноперпендикулярных осей для определения положения точки в пространстве или на плоскости. — any scheme for the unique identification of each point of а given continuum.
    - координат, главноортодромическая — primary great circle spherical coordinate system
    - координат, небесная — celestial coordinate system
    - координат, неподвижная — fixed coordinate system
    - координат, ортодромическая — transverse-pole spherical coordinate system
    сферическая система координат с произвольным расположением полюса. ортодромические широта и долгота координаты точки. — in this system the poles are deliberately displaced from the geographic north and south poles.
    - координат, ортодромическая, прямоугольная (применяемая при счислении пути с условной плоскостностью земли) — transverse-pole rectangular coordinate system
    - координат, полярная — polar coordinate system
    -, координат, поточная — wind axes
    - координат, прямоугольная — rectangular coordinate system
    - координат, прямоугольная, центр которой связан с объектом (условная с. координат) — rectangular aircraft-centered /vehicle-centered/ coordinate system
    - координат (ла), связанная — body axes

    а system of coordinate axes fixed in the aircraft.
    - координат, связанная с землей — earth axes
    система служит для определения положения самолета и образована тремя взаимноперпендикулярными осями с началом в центре земли: одна ось совпадает с осью вращения земли, вторая - линия пересечения плоскостей экватора и гринвичского меридиана, третья - перпендикулярна первым двум. — set of mutually perpendicular reference axes established with the upright axis (z-axis) pointing to the center of the earth used in describing the position of aircraft in flight. the earth axes may remain fixed or may move with the aircraft.
    - координат (ла), скоростная — wind axes

    а system of coordinate axes with the origin in the aircraft and the direction fixed by that of the relative airflow.
    - координат, сферическая — spherical coordinate system, spherical coordinates, system of spherical coordinates
    - координат, условная (картографическая) — map-grid coordinates
    цвм вычисляет место ла в условных (картографических координатах). — the navigation computer calculates а/с position in шарgrid coordinates
    - координат, условная (ортодромическая, с произвольным полюсом) (рис. 111) — transverse-pole coordinate system
    - координат, частноортодромическая — navigation leg coordinate system
    - коротковолновой связи — hf communication system
    - криволинейных координат — system of curvelinear coordinates
    - курса и вертикали, базовая (бскв) — (integrated) attitude and heading reference system (ahrs)
    для вычисления курса ла и выдачи сигналов курса в др. системы. включает два комплекта инерциальных курсовертикалей (икв) и индукционные датчики (ид). — incorporates two vertical/directional gyro unit (v/d gyro) and flux gates.
    -, курсовая (кс) — compass system (cs)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > система

  • 12 участок

    1) General subject: allottee, block, branch, circuit, clot (породы), constabulary, district, district (горных работ, тж. mining district), extent, field, locality, location, lot (земли), nick, parcel (земли), piece (земли), plat, plot (земли), polling-center, practice (здравоохранение), precinct, region, section, sector, site (для строительства), station, strand (транспортера), tract, burial space (место захоронения, место на кладбище.), burial plot (место захоронения, место на кладбище), (в дополнение к дому) acreage
    2) Computers: bucket
    3) Geology: allotment, inby unit
    4) Biology: areal, patch
    5) Naval: span (линии)
    8) Military: corner, front, ground (местности), phase, site, sub-district, subdistrict (района), window
    9) Engineering: arm (цепи), department, flight, floor, ground, island, land, part, place, project land, reach (реки или канала с однородными гидрологическими характеристиками), segment, spacing, span, spot, zone
    11) Construction: pipe run (трубопровода), pipe section (трубопровода), reach (реки, канала), run (трубопровода), section (трубопровода, дороги, канала и т. п.), stretch
    12) Mathematics: cell, site territory
    13) Railway term: canton, district (железной дороги), territory
    15) Commerce: area salesman
    18) Automobile industry: kg (дороги), share
    21) Metallurgy: dock
    22) Oil: division (напр. трубопровода), lease, pool, prospective oil land
    23) Communications: spacing (линии)
    24) Astronautics: leg (траектории)
    26) Mechanics: bay
    27) Coolers: length
    28) Business: area
    29) Drilling: strip, unit
    30) Oil&Gas technology acreage
    31) Network technologies: slot
    32) Polymers: fragment
    33) Automation: bay (цеха), division (цеха), leg (цепи), line, (производственный) pod (напр. ГПС), (производственный) workshop, workshop section (цеха)
    34) leg.N.P. area (of the road, river, skin), parcel of land, police station, ward
    35) General subject: area (детали), portion (детали)
    36) Chemical weapons: bay (цеха, производства)
    37) Makarov: compartment (леса), cut, division (напр., трубопровода), estate, field (для какой-л. цели), field (кирпичной стены между проёмами или углами здания), interval, leg (маршрута полёта), length (напр., провода), limits, line (производственный), pad, path, reach (канала, реки), spacing (линии связи), span (линии связи), strand (транспортёра), stretch (водотока), subdivision, track (лесной)
    38) Taboo: beat
    39) Road traffic: (шоссе, дороги) portion (A portion of the Barnet Highway was closed for several hours Sunday evening due to a gas leak.)
    41) Electrochemistry: speck
    42) Logistics: subarea
    43) Cement: property
    44) Coal: tenement (участок угольного месторождения, подлежащего разработке. Спец. в Австралии все подобные участки снимаются в аренду от государства.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > участок

  • 13 sección

    f.
    1 section.
    2 section, division, department.
    3 section, district.
    4 cross-section.
    5 article.
    6 section, cutting, incision.
    * * *
    1 (corte) section, cut
    2 (geometría) section
    3 (departamento) section, department
    4 (en periódico, revista) page, section
    5 MILITAR section
    \
    sección transversal cross-section
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Arquit, Mat) section
    2) (=parte) [gen] section; [de almacén, oficina] department

    sección de contactos — personal column ( containing offers of marriage {etc}4})

    sección deportiva — sports page, sports section

    sección económica — financial pages pl, city pages pl

    3) (Mil) section, platoon
    * * *
    1) ( corte) section

    sección longitudinal/transversal — longitudinal/cross section

    2)
    a) (división, área - en general) section; (- de empresa) department, section; (- en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section
    3) (Mil) platoon
    * * *
    = frame, piece, portion, section, section, unit, area, chapter, arm, tranche, pod.
    Ex. Please return to frame 244 and read again about the use of the / (oblique stroke), paying particular attention to the examples given.
    Ex. Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex. An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. Cartographic materials are all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body at any scale and include globes; block diagrams; sections; atlases; bird's eye views, etc.
    Ex. Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. For example, the American Library Association and its chapters usually include a subsidiary group designed for library trustees.
    Ex. The author discusses the roles that various arms of the proposed structure can play to promote free flow of information = El autor describe las funciones que los diferentes departamentos de la estructura propuesta puede desempeñar para promover la libre circulación de la información.
    Ex. The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.
    Ex. There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    ----
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * de sección = sectional.
    * división en secciones = departmentation.
    * en sección = sectional.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * sección alfabética = alphabetical section.
    * sección central = midsection [mid-section].
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de adultos = adult section, adult department, adult services section.
    * sección de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * Sección de Automatización y Documentación de ALA (IASD) = Information Science and Automation Division (IASD).
    * sección de catalogación = cataloguing division, cataloguing department.
    * sección de comentarios = comments section.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * Sección de Garantía del Asesoramiento Agrícola y del Fondo de Garantía Europ = Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * sección de nóminas = payroll department, salaries section.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * sección de préstamo = lending collection, lending stock.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de referencia = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * sección de vídeos = video collection.
    * sección infantil = children's department.
    * sección juvenil = young adult department.
    * sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.
    * subsección = subsection [sub-section].
    * * *
    1) ( corte) section

    sección longitudinal/transversal — longitudinal/cross section

    2)
    a) (división, área - en general) section; (- de empresa) department, section; (- en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section
    3) (Mil) platoon
    * * *
    = frame, piece, portion, section, section, unit, area, chapter, arm, tranche, pod.

    Ex: Please return to frame 244 and read again about the use of the / (oblique stroke), paying particular attention to the examples given.

    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: An extract is one o more portions of a document selected to represent the whole document.
    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: Cartographic materials are all the materials that represent, in whole or in part, the earth or any celestial body at any scale and include globes; block diagrams; sections; atlases; bird's eye views, etc.
    Ex: Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: For example, the American Library Association and its chapters usually include a subsidiary group designed for library trustees.
    Ex: The author discusses the roles that various arms of the proposed structure can play to promote free flow of information = El autor describe las funciones que los diferentes departamentos de la estructura propuesta puede desempeñar para promover la libre circulación de la información.
    Ex: The first tranche of NATO enlargement -- adding Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic next year -- will help stabilize an historically unstable region.
    Ex: There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección infantil = children's librarian.
    * bibliotecario encargado de la sección juvenil = young adult librarian.
    * de sección = sectional.
    * división en secciones = departmentation.
    * en sección = sectional.
    * jefe de sección = section head.
    * sección alfabética = alphabetical section.
    * sección central = midsection [mid-section].
    * sección de adquisiciones = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de adultos = adult section, adult department, adult services section.
    * sección de apoyo a los programas de estudios = curriculum material center.
    * Sección de Automatización y Documentación de ALA (IASD) = Information Science and Automation Division (IASD).
    * sección de catalogación = cataloguing division, cataloguing department.
    * sección de comentarios = comments section.
    * sección de compras = acquisitions department, order department.
    * sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * Sección de Garantía del Asesoramiento Agrícola y del Fondo de Garantía Europ = Guarantee Section of the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF).
    * sección de la biblioteca = library section.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * sección de nóminas = payroll department, salaries section.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * sección de préstamo = lending collection, lending stock.
    * sección de publicaciones periódicas = serial department, periodicals area.
    * sección de referencia = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.
    * sección de vídeos = video collection.
    * sección infantil = children's department.
    * sección juvenil = young adult department.
    * sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.
    * subsección = subsection [sub-section].

    * * *
    A (corte) section
    sección longitudinal/transversal longitudinal/cross section
    B
    1 (división, área — en general) section; (— de una empresa) department, section; (— en los grandes almacenes) department
    la sección del edificio que va a ser demolida the part of the building that is going to be demolished
    Compuestos:
    ● sección de cuerdas/vientos
    string/wind section
    sports page
    C ( Mil) platoon
    * * *

     

    sección sustantivo femenino
    1 ( corte) section
    2
    a) (división, área — en general) section;

    (— de empresa, en grandes almacenes) department
    b) (de periódico, orquesta) section

    3 (Mil) platoon
    sección sustantivo femenino
    1 (parte, apartado, tramo) section
    Com sección de bisutería, costume jewellery department
    2 (de un plano) cross-sección
    3 (incisión) cut
    4 Mat section
    5 Mil (una unidad del ejército) platoon
    ' sección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - oportunidad
    - unidad
    - acomodar
    - caballero
    - cónico
    - encima
    - fumador
    - incluir
    - jefe
    - menaje
    - parte
    - repartición
    - reunir
    - suceso
    English:
    cross-section
    - department
    - departmental
    - division
    - platoon
    - section
    - block
    - complement
    - cross
    - desk
    - personnel
    - scratch
    * * *
    1. [parte] section;
    [departamento] department;
    la sección de discos the record department
    sección de cuerda(s) string section;
    sección de necrológicas [en periódico] obituary section;
    sección rítmica rhythm section;
    sección de viento(s) wind section
    2. [corte] section
    sección longitudinal longitudinal section;
    sección transversal cross-section
    3. Geom section
    4. Mil section
    * * *
    f
    1 GEOM section
    2 BOT cutting
    3 de documento, organización section
    4 MIL platoon
    * * *
    1) : section
    sección transversal: cross section
    2) : department, division
    * * *
    1. (en general) section
    2. (en una tienda, empresa) department

    Spanish-English dictionary > sección

  • 14 панель


    panel (pnl, p)
    деталь из листового риала e элементами жесткости. — matfr- а portion of a stiffened sheet together with its stiffeners.
    - (бпок) — unit
    - (часть пульта, напр., отдельная панель потолочного пульта) — (overhead panel) module
    - аварийных и предупредительных табло, центральная — master caution/warning panel. the eng/apu status annunciator on the master caution/warning panel should illuminate.
    - автоматики топлива — fuel (auto) control panel
    - автоматического запуска (апд) — engine auto start control unit
    - автоматов защиты сети (аэс или азр) (рис. 88) — circuit breaker panel, cb panel, с/в panel
    - аэс (ру225) — св pnl225, р225
    - бортинженера, верхняя, приборная ment panel — flight engineer's upper instru
    -, бытовая (управления бытoвым оборудованием) — equipment/furnishings control panel
    -, водозаправочная — water servicing control panel
    - выбора режимов системы омега — remote omega control panel with positions: cmptr, onsi, ons2, day-night, mag-true, km-miles.
    - гидросистемы, бортовая — hydraulic servicing (points) panel
    - двигателя, пусковая — engine startling) control panel
    -, декоративная (отделки кабины) — decor panel the cabin interior is finished with decor panels.
    - для временных соединений (посредством соединительных шнуров) — patch board /panel/. а board or panel where circults are terminated in jacks for patch cords.
    - задатчика (опасной) высоты — (alert) altitude select panel

    the test switch is on the altitude select panel, used to activate altitude alert condition signal.
    - заправки водой water — servicing (control) panel
    - заправки и слива топлива — refuel/defuel panel, (external) fueling and defueling panel, refuel/offload panel
    - заправки топливом — fueling control panel
    - запуска двигателей — engine start control panel
    - запуска двигателей, автоматическая — engine auto start control unit (адп) (eng auto start)
    - индивидуального обслужнвания (пассажира) — passenger service panel
    - индикации и управления — control display panel /unit/
    - кондиционирования воздуха — air-conditioning control panel
    - контроля — test /monitoring/ panel
    - контроля (см. пульт) — monitor panel
    - контроля абсу (автоматической бортовой системы управнения) — afcs (automatic flight control system) monitor panel
    - контроля вибрации двигателя — engine vibration monitor panel depress the vibration monitor test switch.
    - контроля дверей и люков — door warning (light) panel the panеl mounts door open annunciator.
    - контроля звуковой сигнализации — aural warning test panel

    used to test following aural warning: а/с ovsp, cab press, unsafe ldg, unsafe takeoff, flaps lrs (load relieving system)
    - контроля напряжения, тока и частоты — voltage, load arid frequency monitoring panel
    - контроля предкрылков — slat monitor panel
    - летчиков (центральная, приборная) — center instrument panel
    -, моноблочная фрезерованная (обшивки) — one-piece construction milled panel
    -, наклонная — sloping panel
    -, облицовочная — covering panel
    -, облицовочная (стенки отсека) — wall panel
    -, облицовочная потолочная — ceiling panel
    - обслуживания (пассажира) — passenger service panel
    на панели установлены: кнопки вызова бортпроводника, лампа индивидуального освещения и вентиляционный насадок. — the passenger service panel carries the cabin attendant call-button, reading light and conditioned air outlet.
    - обслуживания (систем, напр., заправки, слива) — servicing panel
    -, обшивочная (фюзеляжа) — skin panel
    - останова двигателей (выключатели кранов останова на центральном пульте пилотов) — hp fuel shut-off valve control panel
    -, откидная — hinged panel
    - посадочной сигнализации — landing gear (and flap) position (uric) (рис. 69) indicating panel
    -, потолочная (верхний эпектрощиток, состоящий из передней, средней и задней панелей) — overhead switch panel (eonsisting of forward, center and aft panels or modules)
    - (часть) потолочного пульта — overhead panel module
    -, предварительно собранная — prefabricated panel
    - прибора, лицевая — instrument face
    бленкер "глиссады" находится в левой части лицевой панели прибора. — the glideslope flag is located on the left side of the instrument face.
    -, приборная — instrument panel
    - приборной доски — instrument (sub-) panel
    - приборов контроля двигателя — engine instrument panel
    - приборов контроля (работы) двигателей — engine instrument and monitor panel
    на панели расположены приборы и световые табло контроля работы силовой установки.
    - проверки — test panel
    - проверки огнетушителей — fire extinguisher test panel
    на панели проверки огнетушителей нажмите кнопку проверк огнетуш. при этом должны загореться лампы i очередь и 2 очередь. — press the firex test button and all main and altn lights illuminate on fire extinguisher test panel.
    - противопожарной защиты — fire protection (control) panel
    - пульта (т.е. часть пульта) — panel module
    - (штепсельных) разъемов — connector panel
    - световой аварийной сигнализации, объединенная — master warning light panel (of the master warning light sys
    - световой сигнализации (табло) (рис. 69) — annunciator panel (annun panel)
    - световой сигнализации летчика (бортинженера) — pilot's (fit engineer's) annunciator panel
    -, светопроводная (с боковым подсветом) — edgelit panel. the unit front section incorporates an edgelit panel.
    - сигнализации (начала) эвакуации (после аварийной посадки) — emergency evacuation signal panel
    - сигнализации отказов — fault annunciation panel
    - сигнализации (парашютномy) десанту и управления — paratroop warning and cargo drop control panel
    - сигнализации положения шасси (рис. 6) — landing gear position indicating panel
    - системы тушения пожара — tire protection /extinguishing/ control panel
    -, сливная (системы канализации) — (waste) drain control panel
    -, смотровая — inspection panel
    - сотовой конструкции — honeycomb panel
    - спгу (самолетного переговорного громкоговорящего устройства) — audio (station) selector panel
    -, съемная — detachable panel
    - табло, центральная — master annunciator panel

    fire warning lights (master annunciator panel) illuminate.
    -, типовая — typical panel
    -, угловая (приборной доски) (рис. 88) — gusset panel
    - управления — control panel
    - управления автоматическим запуском двигателей (пда) — auto engine start control unit
    - управления автоматическим запуском двигателей (пда) работает (табло) — auto start on
    - управления выработкой топлива — fuel management panel
    - управления гидросистемой — hydraulic control pane!
    - управления закрылками — flap control panel
    - управления заправкой и сливом топлива — refuel/defuel panel, refuel/off-load panel, (external) fueling and defueling panel
    - управления заправкой топлива (в правом отсеке шасси) — fueling control panel (in right main landing gear well)
    управление сливом топлива осуществляется установкой ручки в положение "слив" на панели управления заправкой. — offloading is effected through the refueling points by selecting оoff-loadп on the (refueling control panel.
    - управления заправкой воды — water servicing control panel
    - управления обогревом лобовых стекол — windshield heat (control) panel
    на панели расположены выключатели включения обогрева лобовых и боковых стекол лев, и прав, летчиков, контроля работы обогревателей и включения вентилятора обдува. — the w/s heat panel carries the capt's and coplt's switches, side window switches, windshield heat test switch, defog fan switch.
    - управления обогревом приемников пвд, ппд, температуры (как часть, например, потолочного пульта) — probe heat control module (of overhead panel)
    - управления освещением — lighting control panel
    - управления предкрылками — slat control panel
    - управления противообледенительной системой (нос) — anti-icing control panel
    - управления противопожарной системой (нпо — fire extinguishing control panel
    - управления самолетным переговорным громкоговорящим устройством (спгу) — audio (station) selector panel
    - управления спойлерами — speller control panel
    - управления топливной системой — fuel control panel
    - управления уборкой/выпуском шасси — landing gear control panel
    - управления эпектрооборудованием — electrical control panel
    - управления эпектроэнергетикой — electrical control panel
    - управления энергетикой переменного (постоянного) тока — ас (do electrical power control panel
    - управления энергосистемой — electrical power control panel
    - централизованного обслуживания гидросистемы (заправка, слив, проверка) — hydraulic service center. а door provides access to the hydraulic service center from outside.
    - централизованного обслуживания радиоэлектронного оборудования — electronic service center
    - центральная, приборная — center instrument panel
    - энергетики — electrical control panel
    - энергетики (переменного и постоянного тока) panel — ас and dc power control
    - энергосистемы — electrical control panel
    - энергосистемы и запуска всу (вспомогат. силовой установки) — electrical and apu start control pang
    открывать (откидывать) п. — swing the panel open
    устанавливать прибор с задней стороны п. — install the instrument from back of the instrument panel

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > панель

  • 15 устройство


    device
    (агрегат, приспособление)
    - автоматического поиска записи программы (магнитофона) — automatic program locate device (apld)
    - автоматическое навигационное — automatic navigation device the dr computer is a part of the automatic navigation device.
    - автоматическое навигационное(ану) — dead reckoning computer, dr computer (dr cmptr)
    входные параметры: путевая скорость, угол сноса и карты, ивс, скорость и направление ветра для определения места ла. — in its traditional form the dr computer uses the ground and airspeed data, drift angle, wind speed and direction.
    - автономное (автоматическое) навигационное (ану) — dead-reckoning computer, dr computer
    - автостабилизирующее (вертолета) — automatic stabilization installation
    - алфавитно (-буквенно) цифровое печатающее (ацпу) — alpha-numerical printer
    -, антенносогласующее (асу) — antenna coupler
    - арифметическое (ау) — arithmetic unit
    -, арретирующее (арретир) — caging device
    -, блокирующее (блокировочное, для отключения и удержания в нерабочем положении оборудования при нарушении его нормальной работы) — lockout /locking-out/ device used to shut down ал@ hold an equipment out of service on occurrence of abnormal conditions.
    -, блокирующее — interlock
    устройство, включаемое срабатыванием другого устройства, находящимся с первым в прямой взаимосвязи, для управления данного или связанного с ним устройств, — а device actuated by operation of some other device with which it is directly associated, to govern succeeding operations of the same or allied devices.
    -, бортовое погрузочное (бпу) — (airborne) cargo handling device
    специальная каретка со стропами, перемещающаяся пo потолочным рельсам в грузовой кабине. — cargo handling device carriage moving along rails in cargo compartment.
    - ввода (в уст-ве ввода и индикации) — insertion device
    - ввода/вывода (увв, для эвм) — input/output device (in-out device)

    transfer of data between the program and input/output devices.
    - ввода и индикации (уви инерциальной навигационной системы) — control display unit (c/du, cdu)
    - вентилятора (гтд), реверсивное — fan reverser
    -, весоизмерительное — balance (for weighing)
    -, взлетно-посадочное (шасси) — landing gear
    -, визуальное сигнальное (аварийной сигнализации) — visual warning device
    - внутрисамолетной связи для техобслуживания — ground service interphone system, ground crew interphone system
    -, входное (двиг.) — engine air inlet section

    it is directly attached to the front flange of the engine.
    - выдержки времени (реле) — time delay relay
    -, выключающее (эл.) — tripping device
    механическое или электромагнитное ус-во для размыкания аэс. — а mechanical or electromagnetic device used for opening (turning off) a circuit breaker.
    -, выпрямительное (ву) — rectifier (rect)
    -, выпрямительное (трансформаторное) (ву) — transformer rectifier unit (tru)
    -, выхлопное (двиг.) — exhaust unit
    -, выходное (двиг. в реактивном сопле за турбиной) — exhaust unit
    -, вычислительное (ву) — computer (cmptr)
    -,вычислительное(системы ссос) — gpws computer
    -,вычислительное,директорное — steering computer command input signals are provided to the steering computer.
    -, вычислительное, канала крена (системы сау) — roll computer
    -, вычислительное, канала курса (сау) — yaw computer
    -, вычислительное, канала тангажа (сау) — pitch computer
    - горизонтирования (гироплатформы) — (platform) levelling unit /device/
    -, девиационное (магнит. компаса) (рис.80) — compass compensator
    -, декодирующее (дешифратор) — decoder
    устройство для декодирования кодовых сигналов. — a device for decoding а series of coded signals.
    -, демпфирующее — damper
    - для воспроизведения записи с магнитной ленты — tape reproducer
    - для выдачи бумажных полотенец — paper towel dispenser
    - для выдачи бумажных салфеток для лица (напр., для удаления косметики) — facial tissue dispenser
    - для выдачи бумажных стаканчиков — paper cup dispenser
    - для выдачи гигиенических пакетов — motion sickness bag dispenser
    - для выдачи гигиенических салфеток — sanitary napkin dispenser
    - для выдачи роликовой туалетной бумаги — toilet tissue roll paper dispenser
    - для записи речи — voice recorder
    устройство для записи переговоров членов экипажа. — that portion of the system used to record crew member conversation.
    - для контейнерной загрузки (ла) — unit load device (uld)
    - для определения отношения давлений (тяги) двигателя, вычислительное — engine pressure ratio computer used to determine engine rating for all modes of operation.
    - для предотвращений возникновения земного резонанса (вертолета) — ground resonance prevention device
    - для тарировки высотомера (см. устройство, тарировочное) — altimeter calibrator
    - для тарировки указателя воздушной скорости (см. устройство, тарировочное) — airspeed calibrator
    - для увеличения подъемной силы — high-lift device
    - для форсирования тяги — thrust augmentor
    - для хранения и выдачи полотенец (в туалете) — towel dispenser
    - для хранения и выдачи салфеток — napkin dispenser
    -, дозирующее — metering device
    -, дозирующее (насоса-регулятора двигателя) — throttle valve
    -, долговременное запоминающее (дзу) (постоянной информации) — permanent data storage unit (pdsu)
    -, загрузочное (в системе управления ла) — load feel unit
    -, задерживающее посадочное — arrester gear
    -, запальное — igniter
    устройство, непосредственно служащее для зажигания топлива (горючей смеси) в камере сгорания. — a device used to ignite fuel/air mixture in combustion chamber.
    -, запоминающее — storage /unit/, memory
    -, запоминающее ("блок памяти") — data storage unit (dsu) used to store information.
    -, запоминающее (блок памяти параметров полета) — flight data storage unit (fdsu)
    -, запоминающее ("память" доплеровского измерителя путевой скорости и сноса) — doppler memory (unit)
    в случае отсутствия подачи сигналов, запоминающее устройство фиксирует последние замеры путевой скорости и сноса ла для выдачи их на индикацию. — under conditions of signal loss, the ground speed and drift indication last measured will continue to be displayed indefinitely.
    -, запорно-редуцирующее — shut-off/pressure reducing valve
    -, защитное (в агрегате, системе) — protection /protective/ device
    -, защитное (снаряжение) — protective device
    защитные очки, маски, резиновые перчатки. — use protective devices, such as goggles, face masks, and rubber gloves.
    - защитное, катапультного кресла — ejection seat guard
    - защиты (эл. сети) — circuit protection device
    - защиты (эл. цепи) от повыщенного (или пониженного) напряжения — overvoltage (or undervoltage) protection device
    - защиты (эл. цепи) от пониженной (или повышенной) частоты — underfrequency (or overfrequency) protection device
    - защиты (эл.) сети, повторного включения — resettable circuit protective /protection/ device
    устройство должно размыкать цепь независимо от положения органов управления (выключателей, переключателей) при перегрузке и неисправности данной цепи. — each resettable circuit protective device must be designed so that, when an overload or circuit fault exists, it will open the circuit regardless of the position of the operating control.
    -, звуковое сигнальное (аварийной сигнализации) — audio warning device
    -, имитирующие — simulator
    устройство, имитирующее систему или явление. — а device which represents а system ог phenomenon.
    - индикации выставки (навигационной системы) — align display unit (adu) panel set mode selector of the adu panel to trim lat, trim long, align nav.
    - индикации и сигнализации углов атаки и перегрузок — angle-of-attack and acceleration indicating/warding system
    -, инициирующее (вызывающее срабатывание пиромеханизмов) — initiator
    - и работа (раздел ртэ) — construction and operation
    -, кодирующее (шифратор) — coder
    -, коммутационное — switching device, switch gear
    электрическое или механическое устройство, служащее дпя включения и/или выключения цепи (системы), — any device or mechanism, either electrical or mechanical, which can place another device or circuit in an operating or nonoperating state.
    -, коммутационное (соединительная или распределительная коробка) — junction box (jb)
    -, коммутирующее (ук, плата для размещения радиоэлементов напр., диодов, резисторов и т.п.) — circuit board
    - контроля — monitor
    -, контрольно-записывающее (типа кз для регистрации высоты, скорости, перегрузки) — altitude, airspeed and acceleration recorder, height-velocity-g recorder (hvg rcdr)
    -, коррекционное (гироскопического прибора) — erection mechanism
    -, ламельное (для приведения штока рулевого агрегата автопилота при выключенных режимах) — switching (contact) device
    -, лекальное (коррекционного механизма) — cam strip
    -, множительное (ум) — multiplier
    -, моделирующее — simulator
    -, монтажное (амортизированная рама, платформа) — shockmount
    -, наборное (частоты арм) — band selector switch
    -, навигационно-вычислительное (нву, навигационный координатор) состав: пу, задатчики зпу и угла карты, планшет, задатчик ветра. — dead-reckoning navigation system (drns) system incorporates: control panel, dtk and chart angle selectors, roller map and wind selector.
    -, навигационное вычислительнoe (доплеровского оборудования) (рис.82) — (doppler) navigation computer the doppler navigator provides outputs of velocity along and across heading to a navigation computer.
    -, навигационное вычислительное, цифроаналоговое — navigation analog-digital computer
    - навигационное, координаторное (типа ану, нву) — dead reckoning navigation system (drns)
    - натяга (ножного) привязного ремня (на катапультном кресле) — (lap) strap /belt/ retractor
    -, обеспечивающее плавучесть сухопутного самолета при аварийной посадке на воду. — flotation gear an emergency gear attached to а landplane to permit alighting on the water, and to provide buoyancy when resting on the surface of the water.
    - обмена — exchange device
    -, оперативное запоминающее (озу) (переменной информации) — random-access memory (ram), working (data) storage unit (wdsu)
    - определения аэродинамических поправок (к показаниям указателя скорости, высотомеров) (уоап) — position error correction (determination) device
    -, осветительное (лампа) — light
    - пеленгаторное — direction finder
    - первого каскада компрессоpa, входное — lp compressor air inlet section
    -, переходное (переходник) — adapter
    -, переходное (наружной подвески - для крепления к пилону) — store adapter shoe
    -, переходное (соединяющее двигатель с удлинительной трубой или трубу с соплом) — transition section
    -, погрузочно-разгрузочное — cargo handling device
    -, подпорное (в гидравлической системе) — intensifier
    - полупроводниковое.-, постоянное запоминяющее (пзу) — semiconductor device read-only memory (rom), permanent storage unit

    computer storage device which retains the stored data indefinitely.
    -, постоянное запоминающее (внешнее) — permanent storage (unit)
    - предотвращающее перекладку рычага управления шасси в убранное положение на земле — landing gear control lever antiretraction device
    -, предохранительное — safety device
    -, предохранительное (напр., колпачок на выключателе) — guard check switch guard down and safetied.
    - предупредительной тряски штурвала при приближении к критическому углу атаки — stick shaker turn off stall warn switch if alpha off light is illuminated to prevent stick shaker action resulting from a false stall warning due to alpha probe icing.
    -, преобразующее (в системе мсрп) — converter
    - приемопеленгаторное — direction-finder receiver
    -, приемопеленгаторное (арк) — direction finder
    -, программное (временное) — timer
    -, противообледенительное — anti-icer, de-icer
    -, противообледенительное воздушно-тепловое — hot air anti-icer
    -, противоюзовое — anti-skid device
    -, пусковое (pc или cc) — missile launcher
    -, пылезащитное (пзу, на воздухозаборник двигателя вертолета) — dust protection device (dust prot)
    -, развязывающее (эл.) — decoupler
    -, раздаточное (см. устройство для выдачи) — dispenser
    -, распределительное — distributor
    -, распределительное (эл. сети) — distribution panel (р)
    -, распределительное (распределительная коробка зл. сети) — junction box (jb)
    -, распределительное (панель азс) (напр. ру25) — circuit breaker panel, св panel, (св pnl, р) (р25)
    - распределительное (эл. шина) — bus
    -, распределительное (положение переключателя ру (шин), напр. ру1,ру2 и т.д.) — bus (1, 2) the bus selector switch is set in bus 1 position.
    -, распределительное (ру, распределительная шина) (рис.91) — distribution bus
    шина, запитываемая от питательной магистрали для дальнейшего распределения электропитания по фидерам и цепям. — а conductor connected to the (supply) mains from which electric power is taken to circuits and/or feeders.
    -, распределительное переменного тока (панель азс) — ac power circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное постоянного тока (панель азс) — dc power circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное хвостового (хру) (панель азс) — tail circuit breaker panel
    -, распределительное центральное (цру, панель азс) — main circuit breaker panel, main св panel
    -, распределительное центральное (цру, коробка) — main junction box (mjb)
    -, распределительное, центральное (цру, шина) — main distribution bus
    -, реверсивное (двигателя) — thrust reverser
    устройство для изменения направления тяги двигателя на обратно (рис.53). — a device for redirecting the engine exhaust to an opposite direction.
    -, реверсивное, включено — thrust reverser deployed (reverser dplyd, rvsr dpld)
    при включенном ру продолжать полет на пониженной скорости. — if reverser is deployed, continue (flying) at reduced speed.
    -, реверсивное выключено — thrust reverser stowed (reverser stwd, rvsr stwd)
    при невозможности выключения ру необходимо как можно скорее совершить посадку. — if reverser cannot be stowed, land as soon as practical.
    -, реверсивно-тормозное (рту) комбинация створок реверса тяги и тормозных щитков. — thrust/air brakes
    - реверсирования тяги, основное — primary thrust reverser
    - регистрации, бортовое — (flight data) recorder
    - регистрации звуковой информации в кабине экипажа — cockpit voice recorder (cvr)
    - регистрации высоты прибop для записи (изменений) высоты по времени полета. — altitude /height/ recorder an instrument by which variation in height is recorded against time.
    -, регулировочное — adjusting device, adjuster
    -, рулежно-демпфирующее (передней опоры шасси) — nosewheel steering/damping control valve (and follow-up assembly)
    - самоконтроля (встроенное) — (built-in, integral) self-test feature
    -, самолетное громкоговорящее (сгу) — passenger /public/ address system (pa)
    сгу предназначено для оповещения пассажиров через громкоговорители. — used to make voice announcements to the passengers over cabin loud speakers.
    -, самолетное переговорное (спу) — interphone system int, intph, intercommunication system (ics, intcom)
    оборудование, обеспечивающее связь между членами экипажа внутри самолета и с техническим персоналом на земле. — that portion of the system which is used by flight and ground personnel to communicate between areas on the aircraft.
    -, самолетное переговорное вспомогательное для связи с бортпроводниками и наземным обслуживающим персоналом. — service interphone system
    - самолетное переговорное громкоговорящее (спгу = сгу + спу) — interphone /intercom/ and passenger /public/ address system (int/pa)
    для связи между членами экипажа и обращения к пассажирам через громкоговорители. — used by the crew members to communicate, and to address the passengers over cabin loud speakers.
    - сброса (показаний прибора) — (instrument reading) reset knob
    -, светотехническое (арматура) — light
    - связи (в ацбс) — coupler, coupling device
    -, сигнальное (для подачи сигнала бедствия в случае аварийной посадки) — long-range signaling device
    - смотровое, оптическое — optical viewer
    наблюдение за механическим указателем положения шасси осуществляется посредством смотрового оптического устройства. — the nose gear (mechanical) indicators can be seen through an optical viewer in aft bulkhead.
    -, согласующее (системы регистрации параметров полета) — signal conditioning unit
    -, сопрягающее/сопряжения / (блоков, систем) — interface
    -, сравнивающее (блок сравнения данных) — comparator
    ус-тва и цепь для сравнения информации, поступающей из двух источников. — a device (in computer operations) or circuit for comparing information from two sources.
    -, стопорное (арретирующее) — caging device
    -, стопорное (фиксатор) — lock, latch
    - счисления пути, вычислительное — dead-reckoning computer dr computer outputs are latitude and longitude.
    -, тарировочное (калибратор) — calibrator
    - тарировочное (высотомера) — altimeter calibrator
    устройство для определения инструментальной погрешности высотомера. — an apparatus for measuring the instrument errors of an altimeter.
    -, тарировочное (указателя воздушной скорости) — airspeed calibrator an apparatus for measuring the instrument errors of an airspeed indicator.
    -, термокомпенсационное (напр., трубопровода) — thermal compensator
    -, тормозное (тормоз) — brake
    -, тормозное (специальное) к спец. тормозным устройствам относятся: устройства реверсирования тяги, возд. тормоза, спойлеры, реверсивные возд. винты. — deceleration device special deceleration (or retardation) devices include thrust reversers, air brakes, spoilers, ground fine and reverse pitch propellers.
    -, трансформаторно-выпрямительное (ву) — transformer-rectifier unit (tr, t/r, tru, xfmr-rect)
    - управляющее вычислительное (системы автоматического управления ла) — steering computer
    - усилительно-выпрямительное (уву) — transformer rectifier unit (tru)
    -, форсажное (форсажная камера) — afterburner
    -, форсажное (пд) — augmentor
    выхлопная система пд включает форсажное устройство. — exhaust system for reciproсating engines includes augmentors.
    -, фронтовое, двигателя (между двигателем и удлинительной трубой) — jet pipe transition section
    -, фронтовое, реактивного сопла (между удлинительной трубой и pc) — jet /propelling/ nozzle transition section
    -, центральное распределительное (панель) — main distribution panel
    -, центральное, распределительное (цру, коробка эл. сети) — main junction box (mjb)
    -, центральное распределительное (цру, шина) — main distribution bus
    шина между источником питания и распределительными шинами (рис.91). — a conductor connected between а generating source and distribution busses.
    -, центральное, распределительное (центральный распределительный энергоузел) — main distribution center wires extending from а generator bus to the main distribution center.
    -, цифровое вычислительное — digital computer
    вычислительное ус-во обрабатывающее и выдающее информацию в цифровой форме. — a computer which operates with information represented in а digital form.
    - часового типа (таймер) — timer, clockwork timing device
    -, электромагнитное стопорное (рулевого агрегата автопилота) — solenoid brake
    -, электромеханическое — electromechanical device
    гироскоп является точным электромеханическим устройством. — a gyroscope is а delicate electromechanical device.
    выполнять свою функцию (о защитном у.) — serve its purpose
    срабатывать (о защитном у.) — operate, become actuated, come into action

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > устройство

  • 16 линия


    line
    (геометрическая)
    - (трубопровод, электропроводка) — line
    -, базовая — base line
    вид сбоку (в торец) на горизонтальную плоскость, являющийея нулевой точкой отсчета ординат, — an edge view of а horizontal plane which is used as a zero point from which to measure all ordinates.
    - безопасного пролета над препятствиями — obstacle clearance line (ocl)
    линия, ограничивающая высоту над препятствием в зоне, аэродроме, ниже которой не обеспечивается безопасный пролет над препятствием при взлете, заходе на посадку, уходе на второй круг, — the height above the aerodrome elevation below which the minimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot be maintained either on takeoff, approach or in event of a missed approach.
    -, береговая — shoreline

    а line following the general contour of the shore.
    - боевого пути (лпб) — run-in track
    - бокового уклонения (лбу) (см. уклонение, линейное боковое) — cross track distance (xtk). а distance left or right from desired track to present position. measured perpendicular to desired track.
    -, вертикальная (на полях документа, указывающая на енесение изменения в текст) — vertical line. the portion of the text affected by the current revision is indicated by a vertical black line along the lefthand margin of the page.
    - взлетно-посадочной полосы, осевая (рис. 121) — runway center line
    выставлять самолет вдоль осовой линии впп — align the airplane with the runway center line
    - визирования — line of sight (los)
    - визирования на звезду — line of sight to a star, los to a star
    -, вихревая — vortex line
    -, воздушная (авиатранспортная) — airline
    -, воздушная (пневматическая) — pneumatic line
    - воздушного дренажа — vent line
    - (воздушного) потока — streamline
    траектория каждой частицы воздуха, — streamline is а path of each air particle.
    - входного (выходного) коридора (впп) — gate line
    -, выносная (на чертеже дпя указания размеров и т.п.) — leader. used to indicate where dimensions or notes are intended to apply.
    -, выносная, со стрелкой — leader terminating in arrow head
    - выносная, с точкой — leader terminated in dot
    - выпуска шасси — landing gear extension /down/ line
    - горизонта — horizon
    - горизонта (авиагоризонта) — horizon bar
    - графика (иллюстрирующая пример пользования графиком) (рис. 144) — guide line follow the guide lines to the reference line, and proceed to the left to the appropriate temperature curve.
    - действия силы тяги — thrust line
    - дренажа (вентиляционная) — vent line
    -, дренажная (слива утечек) — drainage line
    - заданного пути (лзп) — desired track (dsrtk, dtk)
    линия ортодромического курса между двумя последовательными ппm (рис. 124) — this line describes the great circle course between two successive waypoints.
    - заданного пути маяка — desired track to beacon, beacon dtk
    - заданного пути, текущая — current track
    - задержки (цепь) — delay circuit
    - заправки (гидросистемы) — supply line
    - земли, теоретическая — theoretical ground line
    -, изогоническвя — isogonic line
    - искусственного горизонта (aг, пкп) (рис. 72) — horizon bar
    -, исходная — reference line
    - крыла, базовая — wing base line (wbl)
    - курса (курс) — heading
    -, локсодромическая (см. локсодромия) (рис. 111) — rhumb line
    -, магнитная силовая — magnetic line of force
    - маршрута (линия пути) (рис. 122) — track, course
    - межконтинентальная (авиатранспортная) — intercontinental airline
    - местоположений (ла) — line of positions (lop)
    - нагнетания — pressure line
    -, наклонная (на центровочном графике) — inclined guide line
    -, направляющая (иллюстрирующая пример пользования графиком) — guide line
    - нулевой подъемной силы — zero-lift line
    - обреза — cutting-off line
    - ограничения отклонений (от) глиссады — glide slope deviation limit line
    - ограничения препятствий (рис. 112) — obstacle (limit) line
    -, ортодромическая — great circle line
    ортодромический курс - линия пути по ортодромии (большому кругу), включающая точки (пункты) вылета и назначения (рис. 111), — а great circle course is any route or course which follows the line of the great circle which includes the points of departure and destination.
    - ортодромического пеленга — great circle bearing line
    -, осевая (самолета) — center line (cl, lc)
    - отвеса — plumb line
    - отсчета (на графике) — reference line (kef, line)
    начинать отсчет с левой стороны графика от величины располагаемой взлетной дистанции, провести линию до величины уклона впп, а затем опустить перпендикуляр до пересечения с линией отсчета (рис. 144) — start on left of the chart from the given takeoff distance available, proceed across to the runway slope, then down the guide lines to the referonce line.
    -, питающая (гидросистемы) — feed line
    - положения — line of position (lop)
    геометрическое место точек вероятного местонахождения самолета, соответствующее постоянному значению измеренного навигациоиного параметра. используются след. линии положения: линия ортодромического пеленга, линия равных азимутов (радиопеленгов), линия равных расстаяний и линия равных разностей расстояний (гипербола). — in navigation, а line representing all possible locations of an aircraft at a given instant.
    -, пневматическая — pneumatic line
    -, пневматическая, заводская — factory airline
    -, предвычисленного пеленга — preselected bearing line
    -, прицеливания — aiming line
    - пролета над препятствиями — obstacle clearance line
    -, пунктирная (на графиках) — broken line
    - пути (самолета) (лп) — track (тк), course
    проекция на земную поверхность траектории его движения в пространстве. применяются две линии пути: ортодромия и лаксодромия (рис. 122). — the path of actual line of an aircraft movement over the surface of the earth. the projection of the path of the centre of gravity of an aircraft on the earth surface.
    - пути, заданная (см. л. заданного пути, лзп) (рис. 124) — desired track (dtk, dsrtk)
    - пути, истинная — true track
    - пути, ортодромическая — great circle track
    - пути (по сигналам) вор — vor course /radial/
    - пути, фактическая (рис. 124) — track
    - равных азимутов (лра) — curve of equal bearings
    линия, из любой точки котарой пеленг радиостанции постоянный.
    - равных пеленгов (см. л. равных азимутов) — curve of equal bearings
    - равных разностей расстояний (гипербола) — line of equal differences in distance, hyperbola
    линия, в каждой точке которой разность расстояний до двух фиксированных точек (напр., радиостанций) - постоянная величина.
    - равных расстояний (линия положения) — circle of position
    линия, все точки которой находятся на одинаковом удалении от фиксированной точки. на земной поверхности: окружность малого круга.
    - развертки — sweep
    линия движения сканирующей точки на экране рлс. — displacement of а scanning spot оп the screen.
    - разъема (конструкции) — break line, split line
    выступ бандажа статера соединен шпонками no линии разъема, — the stater shroud ring extension is doweled at the split line.
    - связи — communication line
    -, секущая (на графике) — line
    провести секущую линию до (величины уклона впп 0,55 %). — proceed across to (the runway slope of 0.55 % downhill).
    - силы магнитного поля земли — line (of force) of the earth's magnetic field
    индукционный датчик гик определяет направление силовых линий магнитного поля земли. — the flux gate detects the direction оf the lines of the earth's magnetic field.
    - слива (возврата рабочей жидкости в зону низкого давления) — return line
    - слива (за борт) — drain line
    - слива масла (при циркуляции в маслосистеме двигателя) — oil return line, return oil line
    - слива топлива (на вход наcoca высокого давления из системы управления) — lp fuel return (from control system)
    - сноски (на графике) — reference line
    - со стрелками, пунктирная (на графике) (рис. 144) — arrowed broken line
    -, сплошная (на графике) — continuous line
    -, средняя (профиля) — center line (of an airfoil)
    линия, равноудаленная от верхней и нижней поверхностей (обводов) аэродинамического профиля. (рис. 139) — а line, each point of which is equidistant from the upper and tower boundaries of the airfoil section
    - старта — standing start
    перпендикулярная оси впп линия, над которой находится центр тяжести самолета при его стояночном попожении перед началом разбега при взлете. (рис. 139) — the takeoff path extends from а standing start to а point at which the airplane is 1,500 feet above the takeoff surface.
    - технологического разъема — production break-line
    - тока (возд. потока) — streamline
    - тяги — thrust line
    - уборки шасси — landing gear retraction /up/ line
    - установки вооружения, базовая — armament datum line (adl)
    - хорды — chord line
    прямая линия соединяющая крайние точки передней и задней кромки аэродинамического профиля, (рис. 138) — the straight line through the centres of curvature at the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil section.
    - хорды лопасти винта — propeller blade chord line the propeller blade chord line is at 2/3 radius section.
    - четвертей хорд (рис. 8) — quarter-chord line, 25 % chord line
    -, штрих-пунктирная (на графике) — dash-and-dot line
    -, эквидистантная полет по лп (90") станции vor в направлении от (к) станции — equidistant line flying on (90") outbound (inbound) vor radial
    выводить самолет на лзп — put /roll/ the aircraft on the desired track
    выдерживать лзп — maintain the desired track
    выставлять самолет в л. горизонтального полета без крена — level the airplane
    выходить на лзп — get /roll, rollout/ on the desired track
    выходить на лп (90") по сигналам вор (90") — intercept and fly the vor course /radial/
    выходить на лп (90") станции вор и стабилизироваться на ней с автоматическим учетом угла сноса — intercept аnd fly the vor (90") radial with crosswind correction automatically computed
    проводить вертикальную л. вверх или вниз (на графике) — proceed /go/ up or down
    проводить вертикальную л. — go up (down) from the refer
    (на графике) из точки линии отсчета к... — еncе line point to...
    проводить горизонтальную л. (на графике) до пересечения c... — proceed horizontally to intersection with
    проводить л. на графике до — proceed across to intersection
    пересечения с... — with..., proceed across to...
    следовать no л. графика — follow the guide line (on chart)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > линия

  • 17 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 18 air

    air n
    воздух
    adjustable air outlet
    регулируемый насадок индивидуальной вентиляции
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section
    Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств
    (ИКАО) African Air Tariff Conference
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    aids to air navigation
    навигационные средства
    air agency
    авиационное агентство
    air agreement
    авиационное соглашение
    air alert warning
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air base
    база для обслуживания полетов
    air base group
    бригада наземного обслуживания
    air bearing
    воздушная опора
    air bearing gyroscope
    гироскоп с воздушной опорой осей
    air bill
    полетный лист
    air blast
    воздушная ударная волна
    air bleed
    отбор воздуха
    air bleed hole
    окно отбора воздуха
    air bleed port
    отверстие отбора воздуха
    air bleed system
    система отбора воздуха
    (от компрессора) air borne system
    бортовая система
    air bottle cart
    тележка с баллонами сжатого воздуха
    air brake system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air bridge
    телескопический трап
    air cargo
    груз для воздушной перевозки
    air carriage
    воздушная перевозка
    air carriage contract
    контракт на воздушную перевозку
    air carrier
    воздушный перевозчик
    air carrier tariff
    тарифная ставка, установленная авиаперевозчиком
    Air Carrier Tariffs Section
    Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиков
    (ИКАО) air charging connection
    штуцер зарядки воздухом
    air charter carrier
    чартерный авиаперевозчик
    air circulation
    циркуляция воздуха
    air clutter
    помехи от авиационных средств связи
    air codes
    воздушный кодекс
    air collector
    воздушный коллектор
    air commerce
    авиационная коммерческая деятельность
    air communication
    воздушное сообщение
    air communication center
    центр обеспечения воздушной связи
    air communicator
    оператор авиационной связи
    air compass swinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air conditioning
    кондиционирование воздуха
    air conditioning system
    система кондиционирования воздуха
    (в кабине воздушного судна) air conflict search
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air control
    диспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространства
    air conveyance
    воздушная перевозка
    air cooler
    воздушный радиатор
    air cooling
    воздушное охлаждение
    air cooling system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    air corridor
    воздушный коридор
    air crash
    авиационное происшествие
    air cushion
    воздушная подушка
    air cushion effect
    эффект воздушной подушки
    air damper
    пневматический амортизатор
    air data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data computer
    вычислитель воздушных сигналов
    air data computer system
    система сбора воздушных сигналов
    air deficiency
    недостаток воздуха
    air delivery pipe
    воздуховод
    air density
    плотность воздуха
    air diluter
    автомат подсоса воздуха
    air display
    экран изображения воздушной обстановки
    air distortion
    возмущение воздушного потока
    air distress communication
    аварийная связь с воздушным судном
    air drag
    сопротивление воздуха
    air eddy
    завихрение воздуха
    air entity
    авиационная организация
    air fare
    тариф на воздушную перевозку пассажира
    air feeder
    патрубок подвода воздуха
    air ferry route
    маршрут перегонки воздушных судов
    air filter
    воздушный фильтр
    air flap
    воздушная заслонка
    air fleet
    воздушный флот
    air flow
    воздушный поток
    air flow characteristic
    характеристика расхода воздуха
    air flow duct
    воздушный тракт
    air flow interaction
    взаимодействие воздушных потоков
    air flow mixer
    смеситель потоков воздуха
    air flow rate
    степень расхода воздуха
    air freight
    авиационный груз
    air freight bill
    грузовая авианакладная
    air freighter
    грузовое воздушное судно
    air freight forwarder
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight lift
    перевозка грузов по воздуху
    air freight terminal
    грузовой комплекс аэропорта
    air gate
    воздушные ворота
    air grill
    решетка для забора воздуха
    air gust
    порыв воздушной массы
    air heater
    обогреватель воздуха
    air humidifying system
    система увлажнения воздуха
    air induction system
    система забора воздуха
    air industry
    авиационная промышленность
    air inlet
    бортовой приемник статического давления
    air inlet duct
    входное устройство
    air inlet screen
    сетчатый фильтр воздухоприемника
    air inlet section
    входное воздушное устройство
    (двигателя) air intake
    воздухозаборник
    air intake blade
    заглушка воздухозаборника
    air intake diffuser
    диффузор воздухозаборника
    air intake duct
    канал воздухозаборника
    air intake duct heating
    обогрев канала воздухозаборника
    air intake fixed lip
    нерегулируемая кромка воздухозаборника
    air intake hazard area
    опасная зона перед воздухозаборником
    air intake heater
    обогреватель воздухозаборника
    air intake pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake spike
    конус воздухозаборника
    (двигателя) air intake spike control
    управление конусом воздухозаборником
    air intake surge
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake throat
    минимальное проходное сечение воздухозаборника
    air intake wedge
    клин воздухозаборника
    air intrusion
    нарушение воздушного пространства
    air labyrinth seal ring
    кольцо воздушного лабиринтного уплотнения
    air lane
    воздушная трасса
    air law
    воздушное право
    Air laws regulations
    Воздушный кодекс
    air leg
    участок маршрута полета
    air legislation
    авиационное законодательство
    air line
    воздушная линия
    Air Line Pilot's
    Ассоциация пилотов гражданской авиации
    air lock
    воздушная пробка
    air loitering
    воздушное барражирование
    air mail
    воздушная почта
    air manifold
    воздушный коллектор
    air manifold pipe
    воздушный коллектор
    air marker
    аэронавигационный маркер
    air mass
    воздушная масса
    air medicine
    авиационная медицина
    air meter
    расходомер воздуха
    air miss
    сближение в полете
    air mixture control
    регулирование топливовоздушной смеси
    air movement
    воздушная перевозка
    air navigation
    аэронавигация
    air navigation agreement
    аэронавигационное соглашение
    Air Navigation Bureau
    Аэронавигационное управление
    air navigation charge
    аэронавигационный сбор
    air navigation chart
    аэронавигационная карта
    Air Navigation Commission
    Аэронавигационная комиссия
    Air Navigation Committee
    Аэронавигационный комитет
    air navigation computer
    аэронавигационный вычислитель
    Air Navigation Conference
    Аэронавигационная конференция
    air navigation facilities
    аэронавигационные средства
    air navigation plan
    аэронавигационный план
    air navigation protractor
    аэронавигационный транспортир
    air navigation region
    район аэронавигации
    air navigation school
    штурманская школа
    air navigation service
    аэронавигационное обслуживание
    air navigation table
    таблица аэронавигационных расчетов
    air navigator
    штурман
    air observation
    наблюдение за воздушным пространством
    air obstacle
    препятствие на пути полета
    air operation for hire
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for remuneration
    воздушная перевозка за плату
    Air Passenger Tariff
    сборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозку
    air path
    воздушная трасса
    air patrol zone
    зона воздушного барражирования
    air patter
    авиационная фразеология
    air pilotage
    самолетовождение
    air piracy
    воздушное пиратство
    air plan
    план развития воздушных перевозок
    air plot
    схема воздушной обстановки
    air pocket
    воздушная яма
    air pollution
    загрязнение атмосферы
    air position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air pressure
    давление воздуха
    air pressure valve
    воздушный редуктор
    air pressurization system
    система наддува
    (кабины) air priority
    очередность полетов
    air refuelling
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air release hose
    шланг для стравливания воздуха
    air report
    донесение с борта
    air rescue kit
    комплект аварийно-спасательного оборудования
    air rote limitations
    ограничения на воздушных трассах
    air route
    воздушная трасса
    air route chart
    маршрутная карта
    air route forecast
    прогноз по маршруту
    air route network
    сеть воздушных трасс
    air safety
    безопасность воздушного движения
    air safety rules
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air seal
    воздушное уплотнение
    air search
    поиск с воздуха
    air service
    авиаперевозки
    air sextant
    авиационный секстант
    air show
    авиационная выставка
    air shuttle
    челночные авиаперевозки
    air side
    воздушная зона
    air situation
    воздушная обстановка
    air situation display
    дисплей индикации воздушной обстановки
    air sounding
    зондирование атмосферы
    air spacing
    распределение воздушного пространства
    (для обеспечения контроля полетов) air stability
    устойчивость воздушной массы
    air stairs
    авиационный трап
    air starter
    воздушный стартер
    air starting
    запуск в воздухе
    air starting system
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air strip
    ВПП
    air supremacy
    господство в воздухе
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air survey
    наблюдение с воздуха
    air target
    воздушная цель
    air target indication
    индикация воздушных целей
    air tariff clause
    статья об авиационных тарифах
    air taxi
    воздушное такси
    air taxiing
    руление по воздуху
    air ticket portion
    купон авиационного билета
    air tire
    пневматическая шина
    air track
    воздушная трасса
    air traffic
    воздушное движение
    air traffic audio simulation system
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    (для тренажеров) air traffic control
    1. ответчик системы УВД
    2. управление воздушным движением Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic control area
    зона управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control boundary
    граница зоны управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control center
    диспетчерский центр управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control clearance
    разрешение службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic controller
    диспетчер службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control loop
    цикл управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control procedures
    правила управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control radar
    радиолокатор управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control routing
    прокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движением
    air traffic control service
    служба управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control unit
    пункт управления воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic density
    плотность воздушного движения
    air traffic environment
    условия выполнения воздушных перевозок
    air traffic flow management
    управление потоком воздушного движения
    air traffic guide
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic hub
    узловой район воздушного движения
    air traffic pattern
    схема воздушного движения
    air traffic performance
    объем воздушных перевозок
    air traffic procedures
    правила воздушного движения
    air traffic school
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic service
    служба воздушного движения
    air traffic service chart
    схема обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic service route
    маршрут, обслуживаемый службой воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services procedures
    правила обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic services unit
    пункт обслуживания воздушного движения
    air transport
    воздушный транспорт
    air Transport
    Ассоциация воздушного транспорта США
    air transport agreement
    соглашение о воздушном сообщении
    Air Transportation Board
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    Air Transport Bureau
    Авиатранспортное управление
    Air Transport Committee
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    air transport enterprise
    авиатранспортное предприятие
    air transport facilitation
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport insurance
    страхование авиаперевозок
    air transport movement table
    график движения воздушного транспорта
    air transport operations
    авиатранспортные перевозки
    air transport pilot
    свидетельство пилота транспортной авиации
    air transport service
    авиаперевозки
    Air Transport Studies Section
    Секция исследования воздушного транспорта
    (ИКАО) air transport wing
    авиатранспортное подразделение
    air travel
    воздушное путешествие
    air travel card
    маршрутный лист воздушного путешествия
    air travel plan
    график воздушного путешествия
    air trial
    испытание в воздухе
    air trip
    воздушное путешествие
    air turbine
    воздушная турбина
    air turbulence
    воздушная турбулентность
    air unit
    авиационное подразделение
    air unworthiness
    непригодность к летной эксплуатации
    air valve
    воздушный клапан
    air velocity
    скорость движения воздушной массы
    air wave
    воздушная волна
    air waybill
    авиагрузовая накладная
    airways and air communications service
    служба воздушных сообщений
    alternate air route
    запасной маршрут полета
    ambient air
    окружающий воздух
    ambient air temperature
    температура окружающего воздуха
    annular air intake
    кольцевой воздухозаборник
    ascending air
    восходящий поток воздуха
    ball-type air outlet
    насадок шарового типа индивидуальной вентиляции
    bearing air seal
    воздушное уплотнение опоры
    bifurcated air bypass duct
    раздвоенный воздушный тракт
    bifurcated air intake
    воздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходе
    bird strike to an air craft
    столкновение птиц с воздушным судном
    bleed air
    стравливать воздушную пробку
    bleed air receiver
    ресивер отбора воздуха
    bleed off air
    перепускать воздух
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в пограничном слое
    breather air
    воздух суфлирования
    bring to rest air
    затормаживать воздушный поток
    center of air pressure
    центр аэродинамического давления
    Central Agency of Air Service
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    certificated air carrier
    зарегистрированный авиаперевозчик
    civil air operations
    полеты гражданских воздушных судов
    civil air regulations
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air transport
    гражданский воздушный транспорт
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    cold air
    холодный фронт воздуха
    commercial air carrier
    коммерческий авиаперевозчик
    commercial air transport
    коммерческий воздушный транспорт
    commercial air transportation
    коммерческая воздушная перевозка
    commercial air transport operations
    коммерческие воздушные перевозки
    commuter air carrier
    авиаперевозчик на короткие расстояния
    compressor air flow duct
    второй контур
    compressor-bleed air
    воздух, отбираемый от компрессора
    conditioned air emergency valve
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    continuous air bleed
    постоянный отбор воздуха
    cooling air outlet tube
    патрубок отвода охлаждающего воздуха
    dead air
    невозмущенный воздух
    determine air in a system
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    discharge air overboard
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    dominant air mode
    основной режим воздушного пространства
    duct air temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    earth air strip
    грунтовая ВПП
    effective air path
    действующая воздушная трасса
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engine air bleed flange
    фланец отбора воздуха от двигателя
    European Air carries Assembly
    Ассамблея европейских авиаперевозчиков
    European Air Navigation Planning Group
    Европейская группа аэронавигационного планирования
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    fixed-geometry air intake
    нерегулируемый воздухозаборник
    fixed-lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с фиксированной передней кромкой
    flame tube air hole
    окно подвода воздуха к жаровой трубе
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушного движения
    forced air cooling
    принудительное охлаждение
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    generator air inlet
    воздухозаборник обдува генератора
    ground air starting unit
    аэродромная установка для запуска
    high density air traffic
    интенсивное воздушное движение
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    intermodal air carriage
    смешанная воздушная перевозка
    International Air Carrier
    Международная ассоциация авиаперевозчиков
    international air route
    международная авиационная трасса
    International Air Transport
    Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта
    International commission for Air Navigation
    Международная комиссия по аэронавигации
    International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
    International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
    intersection of air routes
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    light air
    разреженный воздух
    long-range air navigation system
    система дальней радионавигации
    low air area
    нижнее воздушное пространство
    low air route
    маршрут нижнего воздушного пространства
    main air
    воздух, проходящий через первый контур
    maintenance-free air bearing
    износостойкий воздушный подшипник
    mass air flow
    массовый расход воздуха
    mid air collision control
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mixing air
    смесительный воздух
    multishock air intake
    многоскачковый воздухозаборник
    National Air Carrier
    Ассоциация воздушных перевозчиков
    normal air
    стандартная атмосфера
    nose air intake
    носовой воздухозаборник
    open air
    наружный воздух
    outside air temperature
    температура наружного воздуха
    outside air temperature indicator
    указатель температуры наружного воздуха
    overflow air traffic
    перегружать воздушное движение
    pipeline to air intake
    трубопровод подвода воздуха к воздухозаборнику
    practical air navigation
    практическая аэронавигация
    private air strip
    частная ВПП
    Procedures for Air Navigation Services
    Правила аэронавигационного обслуживания
    prognostic upper air chart
    карта прогнозов состояния верхних слоев атмосферы
    ram air
    заторможенный поток воздуха
    ram air assembly
    заборник воздуха для надува топливных баков от скоростного напора
    ram air cooling
    охлаждение набегающим потоком воздуха
    ram air temperature
    температура набегающего потока воздуха
    rarefied air
    разреженный воздух
    regional air navigation
    региональная аэронавигация
    regional air navigation meeting
    региональное аэронавигационное совещание
    (ИКАО) release air
    стравливать давление воздуха
    retractable air steps
    выдвижная бортовая лестница
    rough air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air mechanism
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    route air navigation facilities
    маршрутные аэронавигационные средства
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    scheduled air service
    регулярные воздушные перевозки
    sealing air annulus
    кольцевой канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному управления
    sealing air passage
    канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному уплотнению
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    shipment by air
    транспортировка по воздуху
    stable air
    устойчивый воздушный поток
    standard air
    стандартная атмосфера
    static air temperature
    температура возмущенной воздушной массы
    still air
    нулевой ветер
    tactical air navigation
    тактическая аэронавигация
    tactical air navigation facilities
    тактические аэронавигационные средства
    tactical air navigation system
    система ближней аэронавигации
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    throttle air
    воздушный дроссель
    through air service
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    time in the air
    налет часов
    total air temperature
    полная температура потока
    two-dimensional air intake
    двухмерный воздухозаборник
    two-shock air intake
    двухскачковый воздухозаборник
    undisturbed air
    невозмущенная атмосфера
    unifired air cargo tariff
    единая авиационная грузовая тарифная ставка
    unifired air passenger tariff
    единая авиационная пассажирская тарифная ставка
    universal air travel plan
    программа организации авиационных путешествий
    upper air
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air area
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air route
    маршрут верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper air temperature
    температура верхних слоев атмосферы
    variable lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с регулируемой передней кромкой
    vent air
    дренажировать
    vent air inlet
    воздухозаборник
    ventilating air outlet
    насадок индивидуальной вентиляции

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > air

  • 19 шейка

    1) General subject: bolster, cervix (зуба, матки), gudgeon, pin
    2) Biology: cervix (к.-л. органа)
    3) Medicine: cervix (какого-л. органа), collum (суженная часть какой-л. структуры), neck (напр. грыжевого мешка)
    4) Botanical term: collet, collum
    5) Military: journal (вала, оси)
    6) Engineering: bearing journal, center shaft (вала), journal (вала), journal part, neck, nick, pivot journal, waist, web
    7) Agriculture: cervix (матки), neck (луковицы), neck (матки)
    8) Construction: contraction (при разрыве), neck (колонны, растянутого образца), necking (часть дорической колонны, образующая переход от ствола к капители), neck (при растяжении)
    10) Mathematics: pivot
    11) Railway term: spigot shaft
    12) Automobile industry: pin (вала)
    14) Metallurgy: journal (напр. валка)
    16) Oil: recess, shank (долота), throat
    17) Gynecology: cervix( uteri) (матки)
    21) Polymers: neck-down, neck-in, neck-put
    22) Automation: bearing (вала), gudgeon journal, journal portion (вала), land portion, recess (сверла), web (рельса)
    24) Arms production: grasp (ложи), journal (вала или оси)
    25) General subject: journal (коленвала; чаще всего коренная)
    26) Makarov: cervix (лат., анат; зуба, матки)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > шейка

  • 20 פאה

    פֵּאָה, פֵּי׳f. (b. h.; פאה to split, divide; v. Ges. H. Dict.12> s. v.) section, segment, corner.Pl. פֵּאוֹת, פֵּי׳. Erub.51a (ref. to Num. 35:5) פ׳ כתיבן the text speaks of corners (angular additions); ib. לזה אתה נותן פ׳ אין אתה נותן פ׳וכ׳ for this purpose (the definition of suburbs) you allow corners to be included (i. e. square measurements), but you must not allow corners to those appointing a Sabbath center (שְׁבִיתָה), i. e. you must allow them to walk only within a circle the radius of which is two thousand cubits. Ib. 11a בארבע פ׳ השדה Ar. (ed. פינות) in the four corners of the field; a. e.Esp. 1) פְּאַת ראש the hair on the temples; פאת זקן the hair on the chin. Macc.III, 5 המקיף פ׳ ראשו והמשחית פ׳ זקנו (v. Lev. 19:27) he who cuts off (shaves) the hair of his temples and destroys the hair of his chins; expl. ib. 20b פאת ראשו סוף ראשווכ׳ the peah of his head means cutting the tail-end of the hair of his head … making his temples as smooth as the spot behind the ear and as the forehead; פאת זקנו סוף זקנווכ׳ the peah of his chin means the pointed ends of his chin, v. שִׁיבּוֹלֶת; Sifra Kdosh., Par. 3, ch. VI; a. e.In gen. curls; פ׳ נכרית strange (false) curls, wig. Sabb.VI, 5. Naz.28b; a. e. 2) (פאת שדה) the corner of the field, the portion of the harvest left for the poor, peah (Lev. 19:9 sq.) Sifra Kdosh., Par. 1, ch. I פטור מן הלקט … והפ׳ is exempt from the duty of leaving for the poor the gleanings, the forgotten sheaf, and the corner. Ib. חייבים בפ׳ are subject to peah. Ib. אין פ׳ אלא מחמת הכילויוכ׳ the title of peah comes only through the finishing (of the cutting of the field, i. e. if one left a plot uncut in the middle of a field, the poor cannot take it, before the field is entirely cut), and only when it has a name (has been designated by the owner as the poor mans share), and the real peah is only that which is left at the end (i. e. he who has left a plot in the middle, must also leave a corner); ib. נתן בתחילה הרי זו פ׳ if he left a portion on beginning to cut or in the middle, it is peah (belongs to the poor, and is exempt from tithes); Peah I, 3; a. v. fr. 3) (transf.) braid, vines plaited together so as to form a cover or a partition. Tosef.Kil.IV, 5 אם היו קנים מדוקרנין עושה אותן פ׳ מלמעלה ומותר if forked reeds were standing there, he forms a plait above, and it is permitted (it forms a partition with regard to mixed seeds); Erub.11b. Y.Kil.IV, 29b מציל משום פ׳ it saves (makes the place marked off by reeds a partitioned field) the same as a garland of vines. Ib. הדא פ׳ מה אתוכ׳ what do you mean by that peah? do you mean overhead, or on the side? Ib. bot. הפ׳ אינהוכ׳ the ‘plait does not save (is not considered a partition), unless it is solidly joined on four sides. Ib. פ׳ מהו שתציל בסוכה do intertwined vines form a partition with regard to Succah (to be considered a wall)?; Y.Succ.I, 52a bot. Erub. l. c. top פ׳ מותרת לענין כלאיםוכ׳ (Ms. M. פ׳ קליעית קליעית, being a gloss to פ׳; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) ‘braids form a partition with regard to mixed seeds, but not with regard to Sabbath laws; a. fr. Peah, name of a treatise of Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Yrushalmi, of the Order of Zraʿim.

    Jewish literature > פאה

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